Food Rheology and Feeding in Lean and Obese Humans

描述(申请人提供)：2010年国家健康目标呼吁降低肥胖率。最近超重和肥胖率的显著上升表明，行为因素与流行病的病因学有关。目前的提案假设，这一趋势部分归因于高能量饮料的消费增加，因为它们是饮食能量的重要和不断增加的来源，并且它们引起的食欲和饮食反应比固体食品更弱。建议进行三项人体研究，以更全面地描述液体和固体的属性，这些属性可能解释它们引起的不同食欲反应，潜在的促成机制以及它们的饮食影响。研究1将对比大量营养素含量不同的液体和固体食物对饱腹感、饱腹感和进食的急性影响。研究2将通过监测食欲和饮食对能量和大量营养素相匹配的液体和固体摄入量的反应来确定液体和固体食物的摄入模式是否会影响饱腹感和进食。为了更好地评估含有液体或固体补充剂的饮食的临床意义，研究3将要求长期摄入匹配的产生能量的液体或固体负荷，同时测量食欲、饮食摄入量、能量消耗和体重/成分。由于碳水化合物是饮料中的主要能量来源，对能量摄入量的增加做出了不成比例的贡献，因此我们初步探索了对液体和固体食物的不同反应的机制与碳水化合物代谢有关。对文献和初步研究的关键回顾表明，葡萄糖、胰岛素、瘦素、神经肽-Y级联可能与此有关，并将作为研究3的一部分进行评估。我们也有证据表明与缩胆囊素有关，因此，我们将评估这种多肽。所有研究都将针对苗条和肥胖的人进行，以探索肥胖者对液体的较弱反应可能会对这一群体的能量平衡造成特别大的问题。这一关于对产生能量的液体和固体食物的不同反应的新假设源于坚实的科学文献，应该会为国家最严重的公共卫生问题之一的管理提供新的见解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The 2010 National Health Objectives call for a reduction in the prevalence of obesity. The marked recent increase in overweight and obesity prevalence implicates behavioral factors in the etiology of the epidemic. The present proposal hypothesizes the trend is attributable, in part, to increasing consumption of energy yielding beverages since they are a significant and increasing source of dietary energy and they elicit weaker appetitive and dietary responses than solid foods. Three human studies are proposed to more fully characterize attributes of liquids and solids that may account for the differential appetitive responses they elicit, potential contributory mechanisms as well as the dietary implications of their consumption. Study 1 will contrast the acute effects of fluid and solid foods varying in macronutrient content on satiation, satiety and feeding. Study 2 will determine if the pattern of fluid and solid item ingestion influences satiety and feeding by monitoring appetitive and dietary responses to energy- and macronutrient-matched fluid and solid loads ingested as meal components or between meal "snacks." To better assess the clinical implications of diets incorporating liquid or solid supplements, study 3 will entail chronic ingestion of matched energy-yielding fluid or solid loads with concurrent measurement of appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure and body weight/composition. Because carbohydrate is the predominant source of energy in beverages and contributes disproportionately to the increasing level of energy intake, our initial search for a mechanism underlying the differential responses to fluid and solid foods relates to carbohydrate metabolism. A critical review of the literature and pilot studies suggest the glucose, insulin, leptin, neuropeptide-Y cascade may be involved and will be targeted for evaluation as part of study 3. We also have evidence implicating cholecystokinin so, this peptide will be assessed. All studies will be conducted with lean and obese individuals to explore the possibility that weaker responses to fluids by the obese may be especially problematic for energy balance in this group. This novel hypothesis regarding a differential response to energy-yielding fluid and solid foods stems from a solid scientific literature and should yield new insights for management of one of the nations most serious public health problems.