Physiological Correlates And Neural Mechanisms Of Vocal

Z01 HD 001123 - 13 LCE和Z01 HD 001124 - 13 LCE是一起研究灵长类动物听觉交流的同伴项目。这些研究的总体目标是从发育、神经机制、内分泌因素和社会背景等方面全面了解灵长类动物的听觉交流。两种非人类灵长类动物，松鼠猴和普通绒猴，是研究的主要对象，适当时从其他物种收集额外的数据。该项目的先前工作已经表明，在人类婴儿中，作为哭泣声的功能和声学等效物的声音的产生是由位于大脑皮层的额叶的前中线的边缘皮层沿着介导的，并且听觉皮层中的单个神经元件（上级颞回）对物种特异性发声的声学结构中的细微差异特别敏感，这表明在调节个体差异（声音特征）中的重要作用。对绒猴内分泌机制的研究表明，内源性催乳素水平与婴儿检索试验中的携带时间相关，并且通过施用溴隐亭（一种多巴胺激动剂）减少催乳素会破坏婴儿检索。使用一种方法从松鼠猴的社会群体中非侵入性地收集尿液样本，表明当婴儿出现在这个物种中时，催乳素也会升高。在松鼠猴群体中测试了活跃玩耍的青少年对成年压力水平的影响，皮质醇（一种压力测量方法）升高与玩耍的青少年有关。新的发现是（a）Fos表达的免疫细胞化学加工（c-fos基因的蛋白产物）在婴儿和成年绒猴和成年松鼠猴的大脑切片中，在一段时间的强烈发声后，在下丘脑、视前区、中脑导水管周围灰质和前扣带回中发现了标记。（它与松鼠猴成年发声有关）;（B）涉及人类父母和他们的婴儿的合作研究表明，父母可以从音频库中选择自己婴儿的哭声，包括不熟悉的婴儿的哭声，可靠性高。对其中一些父母的大脑进行成像（使用BOLD fMRI），同时将父母自己的婴儿哭声作为刺激，发现母亲比父亲有更大的激活，并且母亲大脑中被激活的一些区域在父亲身上没有被激活。

Z01 HD 001123-13 LCE and Z01 HD 001124-13 LCE are companion projects that together investigate auditory communication in primates. The overall goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of primate auditory communication in terms of development, neural mechanisms, endocrine factors, and social context. Two non-human primates, the squirrel monkey and common marmoset, are the main subjects of study, with additional data collected from other species where appropriate. Prior work in this project has shown that production of sounds that are the functional and acoustic equivalents of cry sounds in human infants are mediated by limbic cortex located along the anterior midline of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, and that single neural elements in the auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) are particularly responsive to subtle differences in the acoustic structure of species-specific vocalizations, suggesting an important role in mediating individual differences (vocal signatures). Studies of endocrine mechanisms in marmosets have shown that endogenous prolactin levels correlate with carrying time in infant retrieval tests, and that reducing prolactin by administering bromocryptine (a dopamine agonist) disrupts infant retrieval. Using a method for collecting urine samples noninvasively from social groups of squirrel monkeys has shown that prolactin is elevated when infants are present in this species, as well. The impact of actively playing juveniles on adult stress levels has been tested in squirrel monkey groups, with elevated cortisol (a measure of stress) associated with the presence of playing juveniles. New findings are (a) immunocytochemical processing for expression of Fos (the protein product of the c-fos gene) in brain sections from infant and adult marmosets and adult squirrel monkeys following a period of robust vocalizing revealed label in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, and in the anterior cingulate gyrus (which has been implicated in production of adult vocalizations in squirrel monkeys); (b) collaborative studies involving human parents and their infants showed that parents can select their own infant's cry from an audio library including the cries of unfamiliar infants with high reliability. Imaging the brains of some of these parents (using BOLD fMRI) while presenting the parents' own infant cries as stimuli revealed that mothers had greater activation than fathers and some of the areas of the mothers' brains that were activated were not activated in fathers.