Motivation in context: Risk for early substance use

描述(申请人提供)：发展生态学理论假设，在儿童和青春期开始使用物质(SU)是个人与其社会环境背景之间相互作用和相互影响的函数。然而，很少有研究从多个层面综合考虑风险和保护因素。需要有理论基础的研究，描绘出对早期出现的SU的独特和交互的个体和背景影响，以指导预防干预的发展。我们建议测试认知、同伴、父母、社区和心理生物/动机因素之间的中介和调节关系，以此作为青少年SU的途径。神经科学的研究表明，青春期食欲动机的变化会增加人们对危险环境的脆弱性。这项拟议的研究将考察胃口动机的变化如何与社区、父母和同龄人背景汇合，从而影响支持SU和SU的内隐和外显信念。对400名10-12岁儿童的样本进行3波评估，可以检验这些结构的变化是如何预示SU的。将使用实验室任务、生理指标和家长报告来评估基于方法、抑制和自我调节的儿童动机特征。将使用多种方法来评估对SU以及同伴、父母和社区背景的信念。本研究将结合潜在型态、转换、多水平和成长分析来检验：1)SU信念的轨迹；2)情境对SU信念和SU的直接、间接和相互作用的影响；3)动机型态对情境、信念和SU之间关系的调节作用。这项研究考察了青春期SU相关信念的发展变化，以及心理生物学动机特征对情境影响的调节。这项拟议的研究有可能为如何为特定人群量身定做SU预防干预措施的内容提供重要方向，并针对相关的病因学过程以实现最大效果。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Developmental-ecological theory posits that the initiation of substance use (SU) in childhood and adolescence is a function of reciprocal and interacting influences between individuals and their socio- environmental context. Yet, very little research has integrated risk and protective factors from multiple levels. Theoretically grounded research that delineates unique and interactive individual and contextual influences on early emerging SU is needed to guide the development of preventive interventions. We propose to test mediational and moderational relations among cognitive, peer, parental, community, and psychobiological/motivational factors as pathways to adolescent SU. Research in neuroscience suggests that changes in appetitive motivation during adolescence increases vulnerability to risky contexts. The proposed research will examine how shifts in appetitive motivation converge with community, parental, and peer contexts to influence both implicit and explicit beliefs supportive of SU and SU. A sample of 400 10-12 year old children assessed across 3-waves will allow for the examination of how changes in these constructs presage SU. Child motivational profiles based on approach, inhibition, and self-regulation will be assessed using laboratory tasks, physiological indicators, and parent reports. Multiple methods will be used to assess beliefs about SU, and peer, parental, and community context. A combination of latent profile, transition, multilevel, and growth analysis, will be used to examine: 1) trajectories of SU beliefs; 2) the direct, indirect, and reciprocal effects of context on SU beliefs and SU; and 3) the moderating effect of motivational profiles on the relation between context and beliefs and SU. This study examines developmental changes in beliefs related to adolescent SU, and modulation of contextual influences by psychobiological motivational profiles. The proposed research has the potential to provide important direction for how the content of SU preventive interventions could be tailored for specific populations and to target relevant etiological processes for maximal effectiveness.