Integrating contextual, proximal, and individual risks for child conduct problems

描述（由申请人提供）：研究已经证实，多层次的病因风险，包括个人遗传风险，最近的环境经验（例如，养育和家庭关系特征），以及邻里环境（例如，邻里劣势、社会组织和暴露于社区暴力），影响儿童行为问题（CP;攻击性和违反规则的行为，包括可诊断的和阈下行为障碍）的发展。然而，到目前为止，我们很少了解儿童CP的遗传和背景风险之间的相互作用，或者近端风险在这种关系中可能发挥的作用。目前的申请概述了一种新颖独特的研究设计，旨在做到这一点。特别是，我们将抽样调查500个中低收入的双胞胎家庭，这些家庭居住在一系列弱势社区环境中的一个（即，从中度到极度弱势）。这种“有风险”的双胞胎抽样策略构成了一个显着的进步，目前流行病学双胞胎研究方面的背景风险的研究，因为这样的样本包含相对较少的有风险的家庭。因此，现存的双胞胎研究通常无法有意义地探讨作为儿童结局的病因调节剂的背景风险的作用。然后，我们将通过深入评估电池来增强我们的创新抽样方法，其中包括对双胞胎及其父母的心理和行为概况的全面评估，录制的亲子和家庭互动，评估社区暴力暴露的访谈，双胞胎教师完成的问卷调查，以及对家庭邻里的人口普查跟踪。我们还将收集一个（不相关的）邻里线人样本，以报告每个家庭邻里的社会组织和犯罪情况。然后，最先进的行为遗传分析将检查背景风险因素（单独或与近端风险因素结合）如何调节儿童CP的遗传易感性。这种创新的采样和设计策略将使我们能够有意义地整合，第一次，遗传，近端和上下文的风险因素，认为是儿童CP发展的基础，因此，有可能大大提高我们对儿童行为问题起源的理解。 公共卫生相关性：这项拟议的研究旨在确定邻里环境风险（单独和与更近端的风险相结合）如何调节儿童CP的遗传风险。这样的研究结果最终应通知个性化的干预措施，旨在改善儿童CP。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Research has confirmed that multiple layers of etiological risk, including individual genetic risk, proximal environmental experiences (e.g., parenting and family relationship characteristics), and neighborhood context (e.g., neighborhood disadvantage, social organization, and exposure to community violence), influence the development of children's conduct problems (CP; aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors comprising diagnosable and sub-threshold Conduct Disorder). To date, however, we little insight into the interplay between genetic and contextual risks for child CP, or the role that proximal risks may play in this relationship. The current application outlines a novel and unique research design intended to do just this. In particular, we will sample 500 middle-to-low income child twin families that reside in one of a range of disadvantaged neighborhood contexts (i.e., from moderately to extremely disadvantaged). This "at-risk" twin sampling strategy constitutes a significant advance over current epidemiological twin studies in regards to studies of contextual risk, as such samples contain relatively few at-risk families. As a result, extant twin studies are typically unable to meaningfully explore the role of contextual risk as an etiological moderator of child outcome. We will then augment our innovative sampling approach with an in-depth assessment battery that includes comprehensive assessments of the twins' and the parents' psychological and behavioral profiles, videotaped parent-child and family interactions, interviews assessing exposure to community violence, questionnaires completed by the twins' teachers, and census tracking of the family's neighborhood. We will also collect an (unrelated) neighborhood informant sample to report on social organization and crime in each family's neighborhood. State-of-the-art behavioral genetic analyses will then examine both how contextual risk factors, both alone and in combination with proximal risk factors, moderate genetic predispositions for child CP. This innovative sampling and design strategy will allow us to meaningfully integrate, for the first time, the genetic, proximal, and contextual risk factors thought to underlie the development of child CP, and accordingly, has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the origins of child conduct problems. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The proposed study intends to establish how neighborhood contextual risk (both alone and in combination with more proximal risks) moderates genetic risk for child CP. Such findings should ultimately inform individually-tailored interventions aimed at the amelioration of child CP.