Mapping Etiological Pathways to SV Perpetration from Childhood to Young Adulthood

描述(由申请人提供) 重要性：性暴力是一个重大的公共卫生问题。美国国家司法研究所估计，每年有100多万人成为强奸和性侵犯的受害者，导致每年相关的受害者成本为1270亿美元。据估计，成人家庭暴力影响230万受害者，每年额外造成670亿美元的损失。虽然严重的性暴力很常见，但对性暴力是如何发展的缺乏全面的了解。目标：我们的多学科专业团队汇集了儿童性虐待和身体虐待、青少年暴力、青少年互联网健康和定量统计方面的专业知识。具体而言，我们的目标是：具体目标1：确定造成性暴力行为的原因的近端途径，重点是儿童和青少年，因为这是性暴力行为可能开始的发育期。具体目标2：确认新技术对当今青年社会化的强大影响，包括互联网和手机短信，作为可能发生性暴力行为的环境。为了实现这些目标，我们将特别注意以下几点：次级目标1：查明实施性暴力的高危人群，例如那些在家庭中遭受配偶虐待的人群。次级目标2：确定可改变的风险(例如，性行为中饮酒)和保护性因素(例如，对强奸神话的信奉程度较低)，以便采取预防和干预措施。次级目标3：审查各年龄段的趋势，以：1)确定最佳的发展时期和干预环境，以及2)在青年从青春期过渡到青壮年的过程中，是否有多条发展路径延伸到性暴力行为。研究设计：与媒体一起成长调查是一项为期两年、为期三波的全国性纵向研究，通过CDC合作协议(CDC U49CE000206)资助1588名儿童。这项研究于2008年12月结束。这项研究的目的是调查青少年接触暴力媒体以及随后表现出的严重暴力和攻击性行为。包括评估性侵犯行为的措施，既包括面对面的，也包括基于技术(例如，互联网、短信)的环境。为回应美国疾病控制与预防中心提出的预防暴力和暴力相关伤害研究补助金的要求(RFA-CE-09-007)，我们建议将与媒体一起成长的后续行动再延长三年。在这样做的过程中，我们将获得青少年从10-15岁到16-21岁的暴露和结果数据。这项建议与伤害中心关于亲密伴侣暴力、性暴力和虐待儿童研究的伤害研究议程的优先事项F一致。利用收集丰富数据集的机会，我们的研究将扩大到检查与青春期性暴力行为的发展和过渡到青春期有关的因素。背景：在全国Harris Poll Online SM(HPOL)样本中对随机抽取的家庭进行在线调查参与者：第一波的合格受访者被定义为照顾者，他们是：a)HPOL成员；b)10至15岁儿童的照顾者，至少有50%的时间住在这个家庭中；c)同样熟悉/最熟悉儿童的日常活动；d)在知情同意下参与调查，青少年被要求在过去6个月内至少访问过一次互联网(以在样本中造成暴露的变异性)；并提供知情同意。所有为第一波招募的参与者都将有资格并积极招募参与此处建议的第四波至第六波。结果指标：根据疾控中心对性暴力的定义，将对男性和女性的广泛行为进行询问。在每一次浪潮中，都会用以下问题来衡量一般的性侵犯行为：在过去的12个月里，当另一个人不想让你这样做的时候，你有没有亲吻、触摸或做过任何性行为。从第四波开始，不请自来的性侵犯、不想要的性接触、性胁迫以及未遂或既遂强奸将用性体验调查进行衡量。在青少年从青春期过渡到成年的过程中，这项名为《与媒体一同成长》研究的长期跟踪调查结果将有助于我们深入了解性暴力行为的原因。

Description (Provided by Applicant) Importance: Sexual violence is a significant public health issue. The National Institutes of Justice estimate that over one million people are victims of rape and sexual assault each year, resulting in an annual $127 billion in associated victim costs. Adult domestic violence is estimated to affect 2.3 million victims and cost an additional $67 billion per year. Although serious sexual violence is common, a comprehensive understanding of how sexual violence perpetration develops is lacking. Objectives: Our multidisciplinary team of professionals brings together expertise in child sexual and physical abuse, youth violence, adolescent Internet health, and quantitative statistics. Specifically, we aim to: Specific Aim 1: Identify the proximal pathways contributing to the etiology of sexual violence perpetration, focusing on children and adolescents as this is the developmental period where it is likely to begin. Specific Aim 2: Acknowledging the strong influence that newer technologies are having on the socialization of youth today, include the Internet and cell phone text messaging as environments where sexual violence perpetration may occur. To achieve these aims, we will pay particular attention to the following: Sub Aim 1: Identifying populations at high-risk for perpetration of sexual violence, such as those who are exposed to spousal abuse in their family. Sub Aim 2: Identifying the modifiable risk (e.g., alcohol use during sex) and protective factors (e.g., low endorsement of the rape myth belief) that are amenable to prevention and intervention efforts. Sub Aim 3: Examining trends across age to: 1) identify optimal developmental periods and settings for intervention, and 2) whether there are multiple developmental pathways extending into sexual violence perpetration as youth transition from adolescence into young adulthood. Study Design: The Growing up with Media survey is a 2-year, 3-wave national longitudinal study of 1,588 children funded through a CDC cooperative agreement (CDC U49CE000206). The study ended in December, 2008. The aim of the study was to examine youth exposures to violent media and the subsequent expression of seriously violent and aggressive behavior. Measures were included to assess sexually aggressive behavior, both in face-to-face and in technology-based (e.g., Internet, text messaging) environments. In response to the CDC's call for Research Grants for Preventing Violence and Violence -Related Injury (RFA-CE-09-007), we propose to extend the follow-up of the Growing up with Media cohort for three more years. In doing so, we will have exposure and outcome data for youth from the time they were 10-15 years of age to the time they are 16-21 years of age. This proposal is consistent with the Injury Center's priority F of the CDC Injury Research Agenda for intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and child maltreatment research. Capitalizing on the opportunity to collect a rich data set, our study will expand to examine the factors that are associated with the development of sexual violence perpetration across adolescence and the transition into young adulthood. Setting: Online survey of randomly identified households within the national Harris Poll OnlineSM (HPOL) sample Participants: Eligible respondents for Wave 1 were defined as caregivers who were: a) HPOL Member; b) Caregiver of a 10 to 15 year old child who lives in the household at least 50% of the time; c) Equally familiar / most familiar with child's daily activities; and d) provided informed consent to participate in the survey, Youth were required to have accessed the Internet at least once in the past 6 months (to create variability of exposure in the sample); and provide informed assent. All participants recruited for Wave 1 will be eligible and actively recruited for Waves 4 - 6 proposed here. Outcome Measures: In accordance with the CDC's definition of sexual violence, a wide range of behaviors will be queried of both males and females. General sexual aggression has been measured at each wave with the following question: "In the past 12 months, have you kissed, touched, or done anything sexual with another person when that person did not want you to" do so. Starting with Wave 4, uninvited sexual advances, unwanted sexual contact, sexual coercion, and attempted or completed rape will be measured with the Sexual Experiences Survey. Findings from the extended follow-up of the Growing up with Media study will provide insight into the etiology of sexual violence perpetration as youth transition from adolescence into adulthood.