Studying the oviposition of Anopheles gambiae: the development of novel tools for

描述（由申请人提供）：撒哈拉以南非洲是世界疟疾负担最严重的地区，近80%的病例发生在该地区。然而，我们现在正处于非洲疟疾控制历史上的一个转折点。由于长效驱虫蚊帐的高覆盖率以及对临床病例的及时有效治疗，疟疾下降的报告在一代人中首次变得普遍。为了保持这些来之不易的成果并进一步减少疟疾传播，必须改进和制定新的病媒控制战略，这些战略将适用于不同的环境，负担得起，并补充现有的干预措施，从而能够进一步减少疟疾传播。该项目旨在开发更有效和更具成本效益的方法来控制和监测冈比亚按蚊种群，冈比亚按蚊是非洲疟疾的主要传播媒介。这种方法得到了多学科研究的支持，以确定导致女性焦虑的视觉和嗅觉刺激。冈比亚在某些地方产卵，而不是在其他地方产卵。这些知识将用于(1)确定重要的孳生地点，并有选择地使用新型、长效和环保的杀幼虫剂对首选地点进行处理；(2)为开发监测成蚊的陷阱提供合理依据。具体而言，我们建议测试：(1)水生生境中细菌产生的挥发物是否具有产卵半化学物质的功能；(2)有无安水的站点，滞水水体的细菌群落和释放的化学物质是否存在差异。(3)测试新型残留杀幼虫剂（吡丙醚，一种昆虫生长调节剂和硅基单分子表面膜）对冈比亚幼虫的杀灭效果。冈比亚（gambiae）和(5)研制了一种产卵诱捕器，用于收集妊娠安。冈比亚按蚊。因此，将在实验室和现场条件下评估两种相对新颖的药剂的性能，以及它们在结合所有特定目标测试结果的“吸引和杀死”策略中的潜力。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Sub-Saharan Africa bares the brunt of the world's malaria burden, with nearly 80% of all cases occurring in this region. However, we are now at a turning point in the history of malaria control in Africa. For the first time in a generation reports of malaria declining have become common due to high coverage with long-lasting insecticide treated nets and the prompt and effective treatment of clinical cases. In order to maintain these hard won gains and to make further reductions in malaria transmission it is important to improve and develop new strategies for vector control, which will be applicable in different environments, affordable, and complement existing interventions, so that greater reductions in malaria transmission can be achieved. This project aims to develop more efficient and cost-effective methods for controlling and monitoring Anopheles gambiae populations, the major vector of malaria in Africa. This approach is underpinned by multi-disciplinary research to identify the visual and olfactory stimuli that cause female An. gambiae to lay eggs at certain sites and not others. Such knowledge will be used to (1) identify important breeding sites and selectively treat preferred sites with novel, long-lasting and environmentally friendly larvicides and (2) provide a rational basis for developing traps to monitor adult mosquitoes. Specifically we propose to test: (1) if bacteria-generated volatiles from aquatic habitats function as oviposition semiochemicals; (2) whether the bacterial communities and chemicals released from and present in stagnant water bodies differ between sites with and without An. gambiae larvae, (3) test novel residual larvicides (pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator and a silicon-based monomolecular surface film) against An. gambiae and (5) develop an oviposition trap for collecting gravid An. gambiae. Therefore, the performance of two relatively novel agents, will be evaluated under laboratory and field conditions and their potential in an 'attract-and-kill' strategy combining findings from all specific objectives tested. Most of these studies will be carried out in the laboratory, in enclosed greenhouses and in the field in Kenya. However, some of the detailed chemical analysis will need to be carried out in specialised laboratories in Sweden. The findings from this study may lead to the development of new sampling and control tools for malaria vectors. Such tools would be valuable additions to an Integrated Vector Management package for the control of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated vector management (IVM) is seen as the future for vector control. This project aims to develop and test new tools for sampling and killing gravid malaria mosquitoes as well as test the efficacy of two new larvicides. Attacking gravid females and the aquatic stages of the vector are potential strategies that could be incorporated into IVM programmes in the future. Not only would attacking both adult and larval stages result in much greater control than can be achieved with insecticide-treated bednets and indoor-residual spaying alone, they may also offer mechanisms for the management of pyrethroid-resistance and alternatives to DDT usage.