Basic Research In Personality: Cross-Cultural Research

该实验室之前的研究已经检查了通过对大学生和成年人样本评估的特征进行平均化而获得的文化的人格特征。我们通过检查24个文化中12至17岁的青少年的评分，扩展了这一研究路线。对青少年的观察者评分是使用新人格问卷-3(NEO-PI-3)获得的，这是修订后的新人格问卷(NEO-PI-R)的一个更具可读性的版本，显示出良好的跨文化心理测量特性。总分在不同年龄和性别之间是可以概括的，并与之前对成年人的自我报告和观察者评级的研究中的文化水平得分相一致。非西方文化倾向于在与外向有关的维度上得分略低。此外，青少年评分的总分与国家性格刻板印象无关，这与之前的研究一致，这些研究质疑这些广泛共享的信念的准确性。 这项多国研究包括对年龄组、性别和国家的个性定型观念进行系统评估。在26种文化(N=3,323)中的每一种文化(N=3,323)中，使用国家性格定型标准对年龄和性别群体的个性定型进行了评估，其中包括NEO-PI-3中包括的30个方面中的每一个方面的项目。参与者将男性或女性分为青少年、成人和本国老年三个年龄组。我们比较了不同年龄组的评估人格刻板印象与之前发表的自我报告和观察者评定的每个年龄组的个性。在不同的文化中，青少年被认为是冲动、叛逆、无纪律的，喜欢刺激和新奇，而老年人一直被认为在冲动、活跃度、对抗性和开放性方面较低。结果表明，年龄组的刻板印象非常准确，只有微小的差异，尽管对任何特定评分者的个人刻板印象不如每个年龄组的总体刻板印象准确。这一发现模式表明，年龄刻板印象的形成可能有文化中立的起源。 在对国民性格刻板印象的评估中，参与者被要求对他们文化中典型成员的个性以及美国人的典型个性进行评级。在不同的文化中，对美国人的热情和能力的评级与评分者的文化GDP有系统地相关，因此较富裕的国家认为美国人更热情，能力更差。当评分者自己的家庭收入被用作预测因子时，结果是相似的。研究结果与关于社会知觉维度的理论一致。

Previous research in this Laboratory has examined personality profiles of cultures obtained by averaging traits assessed in samples of college students and adults. We have extended this line of research by examining ratings of 12 to 17 years old in 24 cultures. Observer ratings of adolescents were obtained using the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), which showed good psychometric properties across cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across age and gender and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults. Non-Western cultures tend to score slightly lower on a dimension related to Extraversion. Further, aggregate scores of adolescent ratings were unrelated to national character stereotypes, consistent with previous research that challenge the accuracy of these widely shared beliefs. The multinational study includes systematic assessments of personality stereotypes of age groups and genders as well as nations. Personality stereotypes of age and gender groups were assessed in each of the 26 cultures (N = 3,323) using the National Character Stereotypes measure, which includes items for each of the 30 facets included in the NEO-PI-3. Participants rated either males or females in the age groups adolescent, adult, and old in their own country. We compared assessed personality stereotypes of different age groups with previously published self-reported and observer-rated personality at each of the age groups. Across cultures, adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. Results showed that stereotypes of age groups were remarkably accurate, with only minor variability, though personal stereotypes of any particular rater were less accurate than the aggregate stereotype of each age group. This pattern of findings suggests that the formation of age stereotypes may have culture-neutral origins. In the assessment of National Character Stereotypes, participants were asked to rate the personality of the typical member of their culture, as well as the typical personality of Americans. Across cultures, the rating of Americans warmth and competence was systematically related to the rater cultures GDP, such that wealthier countries rated Americans as more warm and less competent. Results were similar when raters own family income is used as the predictor. Findings were consistent with theories on the dimensions of social perception.