Enhanced Membrane Systems for Supplying Quality Drinking Water

描述：用于供应优质饮用水的强化膜系统饮用水中的污染物：虽然许多传统的水媒疾病(霍乱、伤寒)现在在发达国家很少见，但水传播疾病仍然是发展中国家疾病的一个主要原因，全世界死于水媒疾病的人数超过所有形式的暴力。水传播疾病的暴发继续在美国境内发生，病原体也有很大的不同。各种细菌，如沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌和产毒素大肠杆菌，以及诺如病毒和原生动物寄生虫肠贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫，经常与水媒疾病的爆发有关。此外，退伍军人症的爆发相对较常见，虽然这些疾病通常与饮用水没有直接联系，但这种细菌经常出现在由市政系统供水的建筑物中。基于这些担忧，需要新的处理方法或技术来增加对现有饮用水处理厂中这些污染物的去除。一个突出的挑战是开发一种有效的消毒技术，即 对于相对较小的社区来说很方便，也很容易改装成现有的基础设施和空间限制。背景：二氧化氯和其他卤素通常用于氧化。特别是，氯被广泛用作消毒剂，以去除饮用水中的有机物和生物物质。虽然它具有低成本和合理的消毒能力，但与氯有关的许多问题。其中之一是，它是一种危险材料，必须在使用地点运输和储存。另一个问题是氯在攻击包囊和形成孢子的生物如隐孢子虫和微孢子虫方面的效果有限。此外，氯与腐植酸等天然有机物结合，产生三卤甲烷等致癌物质。氯在杀灭病毒方面也不太有效。创新：虽然在水的消毒和消毒方面从氯和强化氧化剂(EOC)转变有很大的努力，但EOC的增长受到高昂供应成本的显著限制。到目前为止，还没有人可以通过膜来提高EoC的供应，从而有效地降低主要的供应成本。该计划首次提出通过使用提供EoC的抗EoC膜来显著降低EoC成本。这项计划将大大提高平等机会委员会在水消毒方面的利用率。这种对EOC的更大利用将极大地增加对病毒的破坏，并减少三卤甲烷(THM)的产生。产品概念：建议构建新的聚合物膜系统，以产生和使用EOC作为试剂，以最小的环境危害实现净化。紧凑型膜系统(CMS)将制造用于生产饮用水的集成膜/EOC系统。在第一阶段，CMS将首先制造该系统，然后展示对适当污染物(例如E.Coli、粪肠球菌、MS2噬菌体脊髓灰质炎病毒、微小隐孢子虫、嗜肺军团菌、肠道沙门氏菌加上特定化学品、苯酚和腐植酸)、隐孢子虫或适当替代品的破坏。还将对膜系统的长期测试和适当形式进行评估。最后，将完成经济评估，以确保拟议的系统在经济上具有竞争力。美国国立卫生研究院：该产品在美国国立卫生研究院有广泛的价值。首先，减少THM将减少癌症。第二，加强消毒将减少传染病。第三，它将对环境健康和职业健康活动具有价值。

DESCRIPTION: Enhanced Membrane System for Supplying Quality Drinking Water Contaminants in Drinking Water: While many of the traditional waterborne diseases (cholera, typhoid) are now uncommon in the developed world, the continue to be a major cause of disease in developing countries and waterborne disease kills more people worldwide than all forms of violence. Waterborne disease outbreaks continue to occur within the US and the etiological agents vary considerably. A variety of bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and toxigenic E. coli are frequently implicated in waterborne disease outbreaks as are noroviruses and the protozoan parasites Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium. Additionally outbreaks of Legionnaires Disease are relatively common, and although these are usually not linked directly to potable water, the organisms can often be found in buildings supplied with water from municipal systems. Based on these concerns, new treatment methods or techniques are needed that increase removal of these contaminants from existing drinking water treatment plants. An overlying challenge is to develop an effective disinfection technology that is convenient for relatively small communities and is also easily retrofitable into existing infrastructure and space limitations. Background: Chlorine dioxide and other halogens are routinely used for oxidation. In particular, chlorine is used extensively as a disinfectant to remove organics and biological materials from drinking water. Although it has a low cost and reasonable disinfecting capability, many problems are associated with chlorine. One is that it is a hazardous material that must be shipped and stored at the site where it is to be used. Another problem is chlorine's limited effectiveness in attacking cyst and spore forming organisms like Cryptosporidium and Microsporidium. Additionally, chlorine combines with natural organics like humic acid to produce carcinogens such as THMs (trihalomethanes). Chlorine is also less effective at killing viruses. Innovation: While there is significant effort to move from chlorine t enhanced oxidation chemicals (EOC) for sanitization and disinfection of water, the growth of EOC is significantly limited by the high cost of supply. To date, no one using membranes to enhance the supply of EOC can effectively reduce the major cost of supply. This program proposes for the first time significant reductions in EOC cost by the utilization of EOC resistant membranes for supplying EOC. This program will greatly enhance the utilization of EOC for water disinfection. This greater utilization of EOC will dramatically increase destruction of viruses as well as reduce the production of trihalomethanes (THM's). Product Concept: It is proposed to construct novel polymer membrane systems for the generation and use of EOC as a reagent for effecting purification with minimal environmental hazard. Compact Membrane Systems (CMS) will fabricate an integrated membrane/EOC system for production of drinking water. CMS, in Phase I, will first fabricate the system and then demonstrate the destruction of appropriate contaminants (e.g. E. Coli, Enterococcus Faecalis, MS2 bacteriophage Poliovirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Legionelle pneumophila, and Salmonella enterica plus specific chemicals, phenol, and humic acid), Cryptosporidium or appropriate surrogate. Long term testing and appropriate forms of the membrane system will also be evaluated. Finally, economic evaluations will be completed to make sure proposed system is economically competitive. NIH: There is broad value for this product within NIH. First reduction in THM will reduce cancer. Second enhanced disinfection will reduce infectious diseases. Third it will be of value to environmental health and occupational health activities.