Social Aggression: Growth and Outcomes

描述(由申请人提供)：在青春期从事社会攻击并成为受害者会导致新出现的精神病态和反社会行为。了解社会攻击的发展和后果可能会澄清性别在新出现的精神障碍中的作用，因为女孩参与的社交攻击比身体攻击更多，社会攻击可能会导致女孩和妇女具有更高基本率的障碍(抑郁、进食障碍和边缘人格特征，Crick等人，1999，Crick&Zahn-Waxler，2003)。社交攻击通过破坏友谊或社会地位来伤害同伴，包括诸如社会排斥(语言或非语言)、恶意八卦和操纵友谊的行为(凯恩斯，凯恩斯，内克曼，Gest，&Gariepy，1989；Galen&Underwood，1997；Underwood，2003)。这项调查考察了青春期后期社会和身体攻击的发展，以探索在一个很少研究社会攻击的年龄段(14-18岁)从事社会和身体攻击并成为其受害者的成长、变化和后遗症。这一竞争性延续申请建议遵循从9岁起在前一个项目中研究的同一样本(“社会攻击性：前兆和结果”，第2版，MH063076-06)。为了更全面地理解社会攻击性，这项研究将包括参与社会攻击性和遭受社会攻击性的测量。这项研究将使用基于变量和基于个人的分析，以检查社交攻击是否可能是低水平的典型青少年行为，但有助于那些频繁实施社交攻击的人和长期受害者的精神病理学。这一阶段纵向研究的一个重要创新是仔细评估在线交流中的社会攻击性，方法是为青少年提供手持设备，并记录和编码他们的短信、即时通讯和电子邮件交流的内容。分析青少年实际上是如何在网上交流的，将阐明他们如何在这种背景下使用社会攻击性，但也将提供一扇了解青少年同伴文化的秘密世界的窗口(Greenfield&Yan，2006，p.392)。通过这里包含的多种调整措施，这项拟议的研究可以仔细检查青少年在线交流的频率和内容与他们的幸福感之间的关系。这项调查将使用多种方法来测量社交攻击(在线交流和短信的编码，通过电话采访的自我报告，朋友报告，家长报告，以及教师和活动负责人报告)，以检查总体样本的社交和身体攻击的平均水平的增长和变化，以及检查个人是否遵循不同类型的轨迹参与和成为社交攻击的受害者。这项研究将研究社会攻击性的成长和变化如何与青春期后期出现的精神病态和反社会行为有关。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Engaging in and being victimized by social aggression during adolescence confers risk for emerging psychopathology and antisocial behavior. Understanding the development and consequences of social aggression may clarify the role of gender in emerging mental disorders, because girls engage in more social than physical aggression and social aggression might contribute to disorders for which girls and women have higher base rates (depression, eating disorders, and borderline personality features, Crick et al., 1999, Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003). Social aggression harms peers by damaging friendships or social status, and includes behaviors such as social exclusion (verbal or non-verbal), malicious gossip, and friendship manipulation (Cairns, Cairns, Neckerman, Gest, & Gariepy, 1989; Galen & Underwood, 1997; Underwood, 2003). This investigation examines the development of social and physical aggression through late adolescence, to explore the growth, change, and sequelae of engaging in and being the victim of social and physical aggression for an age range in which social aggression has rarely been studied (14 - 18). This competing continuation application proposes to follow the same sample that has been studied since age 9 in the previous project ("Social Aggression: Precursors and Outcomes", 2 R01 MH063076-06). For the most complete understanding of social aggression, this research will include measures of engaging in and being victimized by social aggression. This research will employ both variable-based and person-based analyses, to examine whether social aggression might be typical adolescent behavior at low levels, but contribute to psychopathology for those who perpetrate social aggression with high frequency and for chronic victims. An important innovation of this phase of the longitudinal study will be careful assessment of social aggression in online communication by providing adolescents with handheld devices and recording and coding the content of their text messaging, Instant Messaging, and email communication. Analyzing how adolescents actually communicate online will illuminate how they use social aggression in this context, but will also provide "a window into the secret world of adolescent peer culture" (Greenfield & Yan, 2006, p. 392). With the multiple measures of adjustment included here, the proposed research can examine carefully how the frequency and content of adolescents' online communication relates to their well-being. This investigation will use multiple methods to measure social aggression (coding of online communication and text messaging, self-reports via telephone interviews, friend reports, parent reports, and teacher and activity leader reports) to examine growth and change in mean levels of social and physical aggression for the total sample, as well as to examine whether individuals follow different types of trajectories for engaging and being the victim of social aggression. This research will examine how growth and change in social aggression relate to the emergence of psychopathology and antisocial behavior in late adolescence.