Internalizing problems, motivation, peers, & development of adolescent drug use

描述（由申请人提供）：早期风险指标与青春期后期酒精和其他药物使用（物质使用；SU）越来越相关，当SU升级和物质相关问题出现时。在整个青春期中，自闭症的风险是累积的和顺序的，理解青春期晚期的自闭症需要对青春期早期的风险环境进行描述。青少年早期的行为问题会导致青少年适应能力差，并增加自闭症风险，而激励显著性和努力调节在自闭症升级中起着重要作用。然而，大多数研究只关注外化问题（如攻击性和犯罪）带来的风险。内化问题（如焦虑和抑郁）的病因学作用虽然可能很重要，但人们对其了解甚少。没有长期的纵向研究跟踪青少年从开始到使用、升级和问题出现之间的联系，以提供内化问题与苏之间的发展联系。此外，社会环境（如同伴、父母）对青少年苏有很强的影响，并且从青春期早期到青春期晚期发生了巨大的变化。有限的SU研究集中在这种社会背景下内化问题的个人层面变化。拟议的项目填补了文献中的这些关键空白。这是在社区样本中进行的一项研究的延续，最初评估的年龄为11-13岁。拟议的项目将跟踪样本进入青春期后期，进行另外三次多方法评估（平均年龄为18岁、19岁和20岁），以评估这些年来个人和环境风险的连续性和非连续性。我们纵向设计的一个关键特征是能够直接比较内化问题、调解、调节和潜在双向关联的作用如何在年龄和使用阶段（开始使用、大量使用、问题使用）中发生变化。该项目将研究：1)内部化问题随年龄和使用阶段的变化作用；2. 内化效应的主要中介（同伴交往动机和同伴关系）和调节因子（同伴规范、亲子关系质量）；3)激励显著性、努力调节、内化症状与SU之间的相互关联。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Early indicators of risk become increasingly relevant to alcohol and other drug use (substance use; SU) in late adolescence when SU escalates and substance-related problems emerge. Risk for SU builds cumulatively and sequentially over the course of adolescence, and understanding SU in late adolescence requires a characterization of the early adolescent risk context. Behavior problems in early adolescence set the stage for poor adaptation and increased risk for SU with incentive salience and effortful regulation playing an important role in escalation of SU. Yet, most research has focused exclusively on risk conferred by externalizing problems (e.g., aggression and delinquency). The etiological role of internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety and depression), though potentially significant, is poorly understood. No long-term longitudinal studies have followed youth from pre-initiation to use, escalation, and emergence of problems to provide a developmental account of the link between internalizing problems and SU. Moreover, social context (e.g. peers, parents) is a strong influence on adolescent SU, and changes dramatically from early to late adolescence. Limited SU research has focused on individual level changes in internalizing problems within this social context. The proposed project fills these critical gaps in the literature. This is a continuation o a study of SU in a community sample initially assessed at ages 11-13 years. The proposed project will follow the sample into late adolescence for three additional multi-method assessments (mean ages 18, 19, and 20 years) to evaluate continuity and discontinuity in individual and environmental risk over these years. A critical feature of our longitudinal design i the ability to compare directly how the role of internalizing problems, mediation, moderation, and potential bidirectional associations shift across age and stage of use (initiation, heavy use, problem use). The project will examine: 1) The changing role of internalizing problems with age and stage of use; 2. Key mediators (motives for SU and peer affiliations) and moderators (peer norms, parent-adolescent relationship quality) of the effects of internalizing; 3) Reciprocal associations between incentive salience, effortful regulation, internalizing symptoms, and SU.