Developmental Changes in Neural Processes Underlying Impulsivity and ADHD

描述(由申请人提供)：自我控制的问题具有重大的公共卫生意义，因为它们与影响个人和社会的身心健康、药物滥用和学业成功有关。自我控制的发展是在青年时期走向成功独立的关键一步。注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)是一种非常普遍的疾病，与自我控制问题的增加有关。我们假设ADHD患者缺乏自控力会导致他们学业成绩下降和高中毕业率低。更好地理解自我控制的发展轨迹将导致更有针对性和成功的干预计划。尽管自我控制对公众健康很重要，但还没有研究直接测试决定自我控制的潜在机制是如何发展的。假设认知控制和奖赏反应过程之间的平衡决定了自我控制功能的程度。这个项目将首次描述青春期和成年期早期的认知控制和奖赏相关的神经功能如何独立地对健康发展和ADHD的自我控制做出贡献。我们将评估自我控制的两系统模型中大脑发育的变化是如何发生的，该模型包括认知控制(背外侧前额叶皮质)和奖励处理(腹侧纹状体)系统，以及这些系统如何与与ADHD相关的更广泛的损害相关。另一个目标是评估与自我控制相关的大脑活动是否可以作为预测学习成绩的生物标记物。在这些研究的结论中，我们将能够确定与年龄相关的具体目标和改善自我控制的建议。这项工作是由加州大学戴维斯精神研究所的ADHD和功能成像认知控制研究人员Julie Schweitzer和Catherine Fassbender；加州大学戴维斯分校的Amanda Guyer，在神经发育方面的奖励和情绪系统方面的专业知识；加州大学戴维斯分校的Jamal Abedi，精通测量学业成绩；以及来自斯坦福大学的Samuel McClure，神经经济学自我控制的两系统模型的开发者，以及Wter van den Bos，在基于社会和奖励的决策制定方面的经验。加州大学伯克利分校的Stephen Hinshaw带来了ADHD方面的贡献经验、诊断问题、纵向研究方法、ADHD学术问题的测量以及与ADHD相关的一般结果研究方法。这些来自加利福尼亚州北部的合作者地理位置接近，这将有助于促进这种合作。这个项目与NIMH战略计划目标2的目标是一致的：“绘制精神疾病轨迹图，以确定何时、何地和如何干预。”该项目还与NIDA战略计划目标1重叠：考虑到ADHD和自我控制问题与较高的药物滥用率有关，“防止药物使用开始和上瘾升级”。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Problems with self-control are of major public health relevance as they are associated with physical and mental health, substance abuse and academic success impacting both individuals and society. The development of self-control is a critical step toward successful independence in young adulthood. Attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent disorder associated with elevated problems with self- control. We hypothesize that poor self-control in ADHD leads to their impaired academic achievement and poor high school graduation rates. An improved understanding of the developmental trajectory of self-control will lead to more focused and successful intervention programs. Despite the public health importance of self-control, no studies have directly tested how the underlying mechanisms that determine self-control develop. It is hypothesized that a balance between cognitive control and reward response processes determine degree of self-control functioning. This project will characterize for the first time how cognitive control and reward-related neural functioning during adolescence and early adulthood independently contribute to self-control in both healthy development and ADHD. We will assess how changes in brain development occur in a two system model of self-control, which includes cognitive control (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and reward processing (ventral striatum) systems, and how the systems relate to broader impairments associated with ADHD. An additional goal is to assess if brain activity associated with self-control can serve as a biomarker for predicting academic performance. At the conclusion of these studies we will be able to identify age-related specific targets and recommendations for improving self-control. This work is a team effort by ADHD and functional imaging cognitive control researchers Julie Schweitzer and Catherine Fassbender at the UC Davis MIND Institute; Amanda Guyer at UC Davis with expertise in reward and emotional systems in neurodevelopment; Jamal Abedi at UC Davis with proficiency in measuring academic outcomes; and from Stanford University Samuel McClure, developer of the two-system model of self- control in neuro-economics, and Wouter van den Bos with experience in the development of social and reward based decision-making. Stephen Hinshaw at UC Berkeley brings to the contribution experience in ADHD, diagnostic issues, longitudinal research methods, measurement of academic issues in ADHD and general outcome research methods associated with the disorder. The geographic proximity of these collaborators from northern California will help to facilitate this collaboration. This project is consistent with th aims of the NIMH Strategic Plan Objective 2: "Charting Mental Illness Trajectories to Determine When, Where and How to Intervene." The project also overlaps with NIDA Strategic Plan Goal 1: "To prevent the initiation of drug use and the escalation to addiction" considering ADHD and problems with self-control are related to higher rates of substance abuse.