Internalizing problems, motivation, peers, & development of adolescent drug use

描述（由申请人提供）：在青春期后期，当SU升级和出现药物相关问题时，早期风险指标与酒精和其他药物使用（药物使用; SU）的相关性越来越大。SU的风险建立累积和顺序的过程中的青春期，并了解SU在青春期后期需要一个青少年早期的风险背景的特征。青少年早期的行为问题为适应不良和SU的风险增加奠定了基础，激励显着性和努力调节在SU的升级中发挥了重要作用。然而，大多数研究都只关注外部化问题带来的风险（例如，侵略和犯罪）。内在化问题的病因学作用（例如，焦虑和抑郁），虽然可能很重要，但了解甚少。没有长期的纵向研究遵循青年从启动前使用，升级，并出现的问题，提供一个发展帐户的内在化问题和SU之间的联系。此外，社会背景（如同龄人，父母）是一个强大的影响青少年SU，并从早期到后期的青春期显着变化。有限的SU研究集中在个人层面的变化，在这个社会背景下内化的问题。拟议的项目填补了文献中的这些关键空白。这是一项在社区样本中进行的SU研究的延续，最初评估年龄为11-13岁。拟议的项目将跟踪样本到青春期后期，进行另外三次多方法评估（平均年龄18岁，19岁和20岁），以评估这些年来个人和环境风险的连续性和不连续性。我们的纵向设计的一个关键特征是能够直接比较内化问题的作用，调解，适度，以及潜在的双向关联如何在年龄和使用阶段（初始，大量使用，问题使用）之间转移。该项目将研究：1）随着年龄和使用阶段的变化，内化问题的作用不断变化; 2。内化影响的主要中介变量（SU动机和同伴关系）和调节变量（同伴规范、亲子关系质量）; 3）激励显著性、努力调节、内化症状与SU之间的交互关联。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Early indicators of risk become increasingly relevant to alcohol and other drug use (substance use; SU) in late adolescence when SU escalates and substance-related problems emerge. Risk for SU builds cumulatively and sequentially over the course of adolescence, and understanding SU in late adolescence requires a characterization of the early adolescent risk context. Behavior problems in early adolescence set the stage for poor adaptation and increased risk for SU with incentive salience and effortful regulation playing an important role in escalation of SU. Yet, most research has focused exclusively on risk conferred by externalizing problems (e.g., aggression and delinquency). The etiological role of internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety and depression), though potentially significant, is poorly understood. No long-term longitudinal studies have followed youth from pre-initiation to use, escalation, and emergence of problems to provide a developmental account of the link between internalizing problems and SU. Moreover, social context (e.g. peers, parents) is a strong influence on adolescent SU, and changes dramatically from early to late adolescence. Limited SU research has focused on individual level changes in internalizing problems within this social context. The proposed project fills these critical gaps in the literature. This is a continuation o a study of SU in a community sample initially assessed at ages 11-13 years. The proposed project will follow the sample into late adolescence for three additional multi-method assessments (mean ages 18, 19, and 20 years) to evaluate continuity and discontinuity in individual and environmental risk over these years. A critical feature of our longitudinal design i the ability to compare directly how the role of internalizing problems, mediation, moderation, and potential bidirectional associations shift across age and stage of use (initiation, heavy use, problem use). The project will examine: 1) The changing role of internalizing problems with age and stage of use; 2. Key mediators (motives for SU and peer affiliations) and moderators (peer norms, parent-adolescent relationship quality) of the effects of internalizing; 3) Reciprocal associations between incentive salience, effortful regulation, internalizing symptoms, and SU.