Mapping Etiological Pathways to SV Perpetration from Childhood to Young Adulthood

描述（申请人提供） 重要性：性暴力是一个重大的公共卫生问题。美国国家司法研究所估计，每年有超过100万人成为强奸和性侵犯的受害者，每年造成1270亿美元的相关受害者成本。据估计，成人家庭暴力影响到230万受害者，每年造成670亿美元的额外损失。虽然严重的性暴力是常见的，但对性暴力犯罪如何发展缺乏全面的了解。目的：我们的多学科专业团队汇集了儿童性虐待和身体虐待，青少年暴力，青少年互联网健康和定量统计方面的专业知识。具体而言，我们的目标是：具体目标1：确定造成性暴力犯罪的病因的近端途径，重点关注儿童和青少年，因为这是性暴力很可能开始的发育时期。具体目标二：承认新技术对当今青年的社会化产生的强大影响，包括互联网和手机短信，因为它们是可能发生性暴力的环境。为了实现这些目标，我们将特别注意以下方面：次级目标1：确定性暴力犯罪的高风险人群，例如在家庭中遭受配偶虐待的人群。子目标2：识别可修改的风险（例如，性行为中的酒精使用）和保护因素（例如，对强奸神话信仰的认可度低），可以采取预防和干预措施。子目标3：研究各年龄段的趋势，以：1）确定最佳的发展时期和干预环境，2）随着青年从青春期过渡到青年成年期，是否有多种发展途径延伸到性暴力犯罪。研究设计：与媒体一起成长调查是一项为期2年的3波全国纵向研究，通过CDC合作协议（CDC U49 CE 000206）资助了1,588名儿童。这项研究于2008年12月结束。这项研究的目的是研究青少年接触暴力媒体以及随后严重暴力和攻击性行为的表现。包括评估性侵犯行为的措施，包括面对面和基于技术的（例如，因特网、文本消息）环境。为了响应疾病预防控制中心关于预防暴力和暴力相关伤害的研究赠款的呼吁（RFA-CE-09-007），我们建议将与媒体一起成长队列的后续行动延长三年。这样做，我们将获得青少年从10-15岁到16-21岁的接触和结果数据。这项建议是符合伤害中心的优先事项F疾病预防控制中心伤害研究议程的亲密伴侣暴力，性暴力和虐待儿童的研究。利用收集丰富数据集的机会，我们的研究将扩大到研究与青春期性暴力犯罪的发展和向青年人过渡相关的因素。设定：在全国哈里斯民意测验在线SM（HPOL）样本中随机确定的家庭的在线调查参与者：第1波的合格受访者被定义为照顾者，他们是：a）HPOL成员; B）10至15岁儿童的照顾者，至少50%的时间住在家里; c）同样熟悉/最熟悉儿童的日常活动;和d）提供参与调查的知情同意，要求青少年在过去6个月内至少访问过一次互联网（以在样本中创建暴露的可变性）;并提供知情同意。第1波招募的所有参与者将有资格并积极参与此处提议的第4 - 6波。结果测量：根据疾病预防控制中心对性暴力的定义，将询问男性和女性的广泛行为。一般性侵犯在每一波都有以下问题：“在过去的12个月里，你是否亲吻，触摸，或与另一个人做任何性行为，而那个人不希望你这样做。从第4波开始，不请自来的性行为，不必要的性接触，性胁迫，强奸未遂或强奸未遂将通过性经历调查进行测量。对“与媒体一起成长”研究的长期后续行动的调查结果将有助于深入了解青年从青春期向成年期过渡时性暴力行为的病因。

Description (Provided by Applicant) Importance: Sexual violence is a significant public health issue. The National Institutes of Justice estimate that over one million people are victims of rape and sexual assault each year, resulting in an annual $127 billion in associated victim costs. Adult domestic violence is estimated to affect 2.3 million victims and cost an additional $67 billion per year. Although serious sexual violence is common, a comprehensive understanding of how sexual violence perpetration develops is lacking. Objectives: Our multidisciplinary team of professionals brings together expertise in child sexual and physical abuse, youth violence, adolescent Internet health, and quantitative statistics. Specifically, we aim to: Specific Aim 1: Identify the proximal pathways contributing to the etiology of sexual violence perpetration, focusing on children and adolescents as this is the developmental period where it is likely to begin. Specific Aim 2: Acknowledging the strong influence that newer technologies are having on the socialization of youth today, include the Internet and cell phone text messaging as environments where sexual violence perpetration may occur. To achieve these aims, we will pay particular attention to the following: Sub Aim 1: Identifying populations at high-risk for perpetration of sexual violence, such as those who are exposed to spousal abuse in their family. Sub Aim 2: Identifying the modifiable risk (e.g., alcohol use during sex) and protective factors (e.g., low endorsement of the rape myth belief) that are amenable to prevention and intervention efforts. Sub Aim 3: Examining trends across age to: 1) identify optimal developmental periods and settings for intervention, and 2) whether there are multiple developmental pathways extending into sexual violence perpetration as youth transition from adolescence into young adulthood. Study Design: The Growing up with Media survey is a 2-year, 3-wave national longitudinal study of 1,588 children funded through a CDC cooperative agreement (CDC U49CE000206). The study ended in December, 2008. The aim of the study was to examine youth exposures to violent media and the subsequent expression of seriously violent and aggressive behavior. Measures were included to assess sexually aggressive behavior, both in face-to-face and in technology-based (e.g., Internet, text messaging) environments. In response to the CDC's call for Research Grants for Preventing Violence and Violence -Related Injury (RFA-CE-09-007), we propose to extend the follow-up of the Growing up with Media cohort for three more years. In doing so, we will have exposure and outcome data for youth from the time they were 10-15 years of age to the time they are 16-21 years of age. This proposal is consistent with the Injury Center's priority F of the CDC Injury Research Agenda for intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and child maltreatment research. Capitalizing on the opportunity to collect a rich data set, our study will expand to examine the factors that are associated with the development of sexual violence perpetration across adolescence and the transition into young adulthood. Setting: Online survey of randomly identified households within the national Harris Poll OnlineSM (HPOL) sample Participants: Eligible respondents for Wave 1 were defined as caregivers who were: a) HPOL Member; b) Caregiver of a 10 to 15 year old child who lives in the household at least 50% of the time; c) Equally familiar / most familiar with child's daily activities; and d) provided informed consent to participate in the survey, Youth were required to have accessed the Internet at least once in the past 6 months (to create variability of exposure in the sample); and provide informed assent. All participants recruited for Wave 1 will be eligible and actively recruited for Waves 4 - 6 proposed here. Outcome Measures: In accordance with the CDC's definition of sexual violence, a wide range of behaviors will be queried of both males and females. General sexual aggression has been measured at each wave with the following question: "In the past 12 months, have you kissed, touched, or done anything sexual with another person when that person did not want you to" do so. Starting with Wave 4, uninvited sexual advances, unwanted sexual contact, sexual coercion, and attempted or completed rape will be measured with the Sexual Experiences Survey. Findings from the extended follow-up of the Growing up with Media study will provide insight into the etiology of sexual violence perpetration as youth transition from adolescence into adulthood.