Administrative Core

有几组才华横溢的调查人员贯穿始终 在行为经济学相关领域拥有专业知识的宾夕法尼亚大学。在沃顿商学院内部，市场营销系、运营与信息管理系、商业与公共政策系和卫生保健管理系都有具有相关兴趣和专业知识的心理学家和经济学家(比奇耶里、丹松、昆罗瑟、保利、波普、施韦策、斯莫尔、史蒂文森、托巴克曼、沃尔德福格尔)。同样，宾夕法尼亚大学在学术医学和医疗保健研究方面也有很大的优势。在宾夕法尼亚大学医学院，普通内科是进行健康服务研究和健康结局研究的领导小组(阿姆斯特朗、阿施、格利克、朗、波尔斯基、谢伊、沃尔普、沃纳)，临床流行病学和生物统计中心(CCEB)是美国顶尖的临床流行病学研究、多中心临床试验和生物统计学研究中心(基梅尔、哈尔彭、特罗克塞尔)。心理学系包括行为决策方面的几个主要权威(罗津，巴伦)。然而，尽管在行为经济学和卫生领域都有很大的优势，但潜在的协同效应还没有完全实现，因为不同部门的教职员工往往彼此相对独立地工作。 将他们聚集在一起解决将从跨学科团队中受益的问题需要一个总体的组织结构。 宾夕法尼亚大学现有的卫生保健政策相关研究的主要机构是伦纳德·戴维斯卫生经济研究所(LDI)(图1)。LDI是宾夕法尼亚大学医学院、商学院(沃顿)、护理、牙科医学和传播学院(安纳伯格)和费城儿童医院的合作项目，与其他学校建立了联系，包括艺术与科学、教育、工程、社会工作和法律。LDI提供了几种机制来召集学校的教职员工，包括研究研讨会系列、政策演讲者系列、小额拨款试点计划(每年8笔拨款，每笔预算最高可达20,000美元)和社交活动。LDI还为医学和其他卫生专业的学生提供广泛的支持，这些学生通过管理和社会科学攻读卫生服务和政策方面的联合研究生学位。例如，沃顿商学院的卫生保健管理系授予卫生保健管理MBA学位和卫生保健系统博士学位。医学院授予卫生政策研究理学硕士学位。LDI有几个特别奖学金，以支持对卫生服务、教育和研究职业感兴趣的医生和其他卫生保健专业人员。 宾夕法尼亚大学也有许多项目支持与衰老相关的研究(图1)。宾夕法尼亚大学老龄研究所(LOA)成立于1980年，旨在通过提高临床和基础研究以及教育项目的质量和数量来改善老年人的健康，这些项目侧重于宾夕法尼亚大学医学院和整个宾夕法尼亚大学校园内的正常衰老和与年龄相关的疾病。在John Trojanowski，M.D.，Ph.D.的指导下，这项任务通过各种要素实施，包括每年资助最多8名飞行员(每人50,000美元)，与医学院(SOM)部门联合招聘，访问学者系列，以及每年半天的务虚会。而LOA包括来自一系列 许多学科和教职员工在寻找阿尔茨海默氏症治疗方法等领域做了开创性的工作，参与LOA活动的教职员工几乎只在SOM或护理学院工作，没有针对经济学、心理学或行为改变干预的项目重点。宾夕法尼亚大学人口老龄化研究中心(PARC)成立于1994年，是一个羽翼未丰的NIA P20中心。1999年，帕洛阿尔托研究所被重组为NIA P30中心后不久，贝丝·索尔多加入了宾夕法尼亚大学教职员工，成为帕洛阿尔托研究所主任。帕洛阿尔托研究中心主要设在艺术与科学学院。虽然帕洛阿尔托研究中心确实包括来自SOM、沃顿商学院、艺术与科学学院和护理学院的教职员工，但计划的重点是支持二次数据分析，以促进对老龄化人口统计学和经济学的研究。帕洛阿尔托研究中心的总体研究主题集中在生物人口学；养老金和退休和医疗保健系统的健康和经济学；老龄化家庭和家庭、代际关系和跨代资源转移；以及老龄化人口的多样性。帕洛阿尔托研究中心每年举办一次飞行员赠款竞赛，通常每年资助6名飞行员，最高可达30,000美元。 因此，尽管在不同的院系和学校中有强大的教员群体，并专注于与基础科学和临床调查以及老龄化的人口学和经济学有关的老龄化研究，但还没有组织实体专注于召集跨学科和学校的教员，以支持以下研究 将行为经济学的见解转化为改善健康的干预措施 行为和医疗服务的提供(见所附的特罗扬科夫斯基博士的支持信 和Soldo)。

There are several groups of highly talented investigators throughout UPENN who have expertise in areas related to behavioral economics. Within the Wharton School, the Departments of Marketing, Operations and Information Management, Business and Public Policy, and Health Care Management all contain psychologists and economists with relevant interests and expertise (Bicchieri, Danzon, Kunreuther, Pauly, Pope, Schweitzer, Small, Stevenson, Tobacman, Waldfogel). Likewise, UPENN has great strengths in academic medicine and health-care research. Within the UPENN School of Medicine, the Division of General Internal Medicine is a leading group conducting health services research and studies of health outcomes (Armstrong, Asch, Glick, Long, Polsky, Shea, Volpp, Werner) and the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB) is one of the top centers for clinical epidemiologic research, multicenter clinical trials, and biostatistical research within the U.S (Kimmel, Halpern, Troxel). The Department of Psychology contains several leading authorities in behavioral decision making (Rozin, Baron). However, despite great strengths in both behavioral economics and health, potential synergies have not been fully realized, because faculty in different departments tend to work relatively independently of one-another. Bringing them together to tackle problems that would benefit from interdisciplinary teams requires an overarching organizational structure. The primary existing institutional umbrella at UPENN for health care policy-related research is the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (LDI) (Figure 1). LDI is a cooperative venture among Penn's Schools of Medicine, Business (Wharton), Nursing, Dental Medicine, and Communication (Annenberg) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, with linkages to other schools, including Arts & Sciences, Education, Engineering, Social Work, and Law. LDI provides several mechanisms for convening faculty across schools, including a research seminar series, a policy speaker series, a small grants pilot program (8 grants annually, each with budgets of up to $20,000), and social functions. LDI also provides a wide range of support for medical and other health professions students who pursue joint graduate degrees in health services and policy through the management and social sciences. The Wharton School's Health Care Management Department, for example, grants an MBA in health care management and a Ph.D. in health care systems. The School of Medicine grants a Masters of Science in Health Policy Research. LDI has several special fellowships to support physicians and Other health care professionals interested in careers in health services education and research. There are also a number of programs at UPENN that support research related to aging (Figure 1). The Institute on Aging (lOA) at the University of Pennsylvania was formed in 1980 to improve the health of the elderty by increasing the quality and quantity of clinical and basic research as well as educational programs focusing on normal aging and age-related diseases at the UPENN School of Medicine and across the entire UPENN campus. Under the direction of John Trojanowski, M.D., Ph.D., this mission is implemented through a variety of elements, including funding for up to 8 pilots per year ($50,000 each), joint recruitments with School of Medicine (SOM) Departments, a Visiting Scholars Series, and an annual half-day retreat. While the lOA includes faculty from a range of disciplines and faculty members have done path-breaking work in areas like working to find treatments for Alzheimer's disease, the faculty who participate in the lOA's activities are nearty exclusively in the SOM or School of Nursing and there is no programmatic focus on economics, psychology, or behavior change interventions. The Population Aging Research Center (PARC) at UPENN was established in 1994 as a fledgling NIA P20 center. Soon after PARC was re-structured as an NIA P30 Center in 1999, Beth Soldo joined the UPENN faculty and became the Director of PARC. The PARC is primarily based in the School of Arts and Sciences. While the PARC does include faculty from the SOM, Wharton, Arts and Sciences, and Nursing, the programmatic focus is on support of secondary data analyses to promote research on the demography and economics of aging. The overall research themes of PARC are focused on biodemography; health and economics of pensions and retirement and health care systems; aging families and households, intergenerational relations, and resource transfers across multiple generations; and diversity of aging populations. PARC holds a pilot grant competition each year in which generally 6 pilots of up to $30,000 per year are funded. Thus, while there are strong groups of faculty within different departments and schools and a focus on aging research related to basic science and clinical inquiry as well as the demography and economics of aging, there has been no organizational entity focused on convening faculty across disciplines and schools with a goal of supporting research that translates insights from behavioral economics into interventions to improve health behaviors and health care delivery (see attached letters of support from Drs. Trojankowski and Soldo).