Aversive Information Processing Biases in Nicotine Dependence

项目总结/摘要 电子尼古丁输送系统（ENDS）的使用正在增加，特别是在年轻人中， 并与尼古丁依赖有关。ENDS的滥用与各种不良反应有关。 结果，但正如经常观察到的物质依赖，这些不良后果是 通常不足以激励和维持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重要的公众 健康负担。需要新的方法来促进戒烟和维持禁欲，这将需要 新的见解，为什么尼古丁成瘾仍然如此难以克服。长期以来， 据了解，它在成瘾过程中发挥重要作用，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意选择 感觉输入的哪些方面接受认知处理，从而影响行为。大幅 大量的研究致力于研究与吸烟有关的线索吸引人的机制。 注意力通过奖励介导的过程和程度，这些偏见预测戒烟，沿着 开发注意力偏差修正技术，旨在促进戒烟。这些努力 基本上是不成功的，因此似乎没有考虑到全方位的信息处理 导致尼古丁成瘾的偏见为了更全面地了解 在这些偏见中，令人厌恶的结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对如何厌恶的兴趣 结果影响注意力的控制近年来有所增长，并且对厌恶的强烈偏见- 在非临床样品中已经鉴定出条件刺激。然而，厌恶性条件反射如何影响 成瘾背景下的注意力仍然未被探索。这一点与为什么 尽管反复暴露于其有害影响，但个人经常保持成瘾。为了弥补这一差距 在理解中，拟议的研究旨在确定尼古丁依赖性ENDS使用者和非使用者 不同的是，他们的注意力系统受到厌恶结果的影响。在 具体目标1，ENDS使用者和匹配的非ENDS使用者对厌恶性条件刺激的注意偏向 用户将被测量，探测与威胁相关的注意力偏差的强度。在具体目标2中， 用户和非用户之间的威胁检测和负面的相对影响， 加强对注意力的控制将被审查，这与具体目标1将提供一个 全面了解ENDS用户之间的厌恶信息处理是否以及如何不同， 非用户。拟议研究的总体目标是更全面地描述 注意力的定向与尼古丁成瘾有关，为为什么使用者经常 不受他们习惯的负面影响的影响。从拟议的研究中获得的知识可以提供 更有效的治疗，戒烟计划和临床评估工具的基础。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise, particularly among young people, and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively- conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. However, how aversive conditioning influences attention in the context of addiction remains unexplored. This is especially pertinent to the issue of why individuals often maintain an addiction in spite of repeated exposure to its harmful effects. To address this gap in understanding, the proposed research seeks to identify how nicotine-dependent ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to the manner in which their attention systems are influenced by aversive outcomes. In Specific Aim 1, attentional biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli in ENDS users and matched non- users will be measured, probing the strength of threat-related attentional biases. In Specific Aim 2, differences between users and non-users with respect to the relative influences of threat detection and negative reinforcement on the control of attention will be examined, which together with Specific Aim 1 will provide a comprehensive picture of whether and how aversive information processing differs between ENDS users and non-users. The overarching goal of the proposed research is to more fully characterize how biases in the orienting of attention are related to nicotine addiction, offering unique insights into why users are often undeterred by the adverse effects of their habit. Knowledge gained from the proposed research could provide a foundation for more effective treatments, quitting programs, and clinical assessment tools.