Foveal and Parafoveal Codes in Reading

描述（由申请人提供）：将进行一系列研究，以检查阅读中使用的代码的性质。这些研究探讨了在阅读过程中，中央凹视觉和旁视视觉中如何使用正字法、语音法、词汇法和语义法代码。在实验中，读者的眼球运动将被监测，主要技术包括根据读者眼睛的位置在文本中进行显示变化。将检查眼动数据（注视时间、扫视长度、注视概率和注视次数），以更精确地确定（1）如何使用不同的代码来获取注视单词的含义，（2）在阅读期间如何部署注意力，以及（3）如何使用各种代码（视觉、拼写、词汇、语音和语义）来整合注视中的信息。许多实验涉及大学年龄的熟练读者，但我们也将调查这些问题的老年人和初学者，以及读者的中文。除了实证工作，我们将进一步发展E-Z Reader模型，以解释更广泛的数据，并将其扩展到解释初学者和老年读者以及中国读者的眼动行为。实验和建模工作应该能够更好地理解熟练的阅读以及为什么有些人阅读不好。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): A series of studies will be conducted to examine the nature of codes utilized in reading. The studies deal with how orthographic, phonological, lexical, and semantic codes are used in foveal and parafoveal vision during reading. In the experiments, readers' eye movements will be monitored and the primary technique involves making display changes in the text contingent upon the position of the readers' eyes. Eye movement data (fixation time, saccade length, fixation probability, and number of fixations) will be examined to determine more precisely (1) how different codes are used in accessing the meaning of fixated words, (2) how attention is deployed during reading, and (3) how the various codes (visual, orthographic, lexical, phonological, and semantic) are used in integrating information across fixations. Many of the experiments deal with college aged skilled readers, but we will also investigate these issues in elderly and beginning readers, as well as readers of Chinese. In addition to the empirical work, we will further develop the E-Z Reader model to account for a broader range of data, and also extend it to account for eye movement behavior in beginning and elderly readers, as well as Chinese readers. The experiments and the modeling work should make it possible to better understand skilled reading and why some people do not read well.