The two dimensional spin

量子理论（QT）中最古老也是最重要的未解决问题是，“波函数的意义是什么？”这个问题从早期就一直争论不休，爱因斯坦和玻尔分别是一方和另一方。这个问题的答案对于依赖于QT的基本思想和技术的持续发展至关重要，受影响的新兴技术包括量子隐形传态、密码学和信息论。除了关注上述问题外，还有更多与我的研究相关的问题，其长期目标是确保QT的统计解释并研究其底层结构：自然是否是局部的？纠缠是自然属性还是QT属性？自然是统计性的还是确定性的？隐形传送有可能吗？信息是如何在量子位中传递的？海森堡原理是什么意思？爱因斯坦相信存在比QT更深层的理论，因为上帝不掷骰子；玻尔认为自然界基本上是统计性的。我去年的发现支持了爱因斯坦的观点，一个自旋1 / 2有两个，而不是一个，量子化轴：二维自旋。该模型得到了一些令人惊讶的结果，包括证明纠缠贝尔态是可分离的。因此，纠缠是QT的一个特性，但不是在单个粒子的水平上。二维自旋还为通常被认为证明非定域性的实验类提供了局部解释。二维自旋通过干涉产生另一种自旋态，该自旋条纹的无理数为±1/根(2)而不是±1/2。单二维自旋的自干涉提示了一种解决双缝实验的机制。所有三个自旋分量同时定义良好，即使它们不交换。然而，由于简并性，QT的统计性质出现了合理化。当磁场作用于二维自旋时，通常具有单一量化轴的自旋被恢复。所有这些直观的想法都是以量子力学的厄米假设为代价的，因为二维自旋态被发现是非厄米态的。

The oldest and most important unsolved question in quantum theory (QT) is, "What is the meaning of the wave function?" This has been debated since the early days, with Einstein heading one side and Bohr the other. The answer is of vital importance to the continued development of both fundamental ideas and technologies that depend upon QT. Emerging technologies that are affected include quantum teleportation, cryptography and information theory. In addition to focusing on the above question, many more are relevant to my research, the long range goal of which is to secure the statistical interpretation of QT and study its underlying structure: Is nature local or not? Is entanglement a property of nature or of QT? Is nature statistical or deterministic? Is teleportation possible? How is information carried in qubits? What does the Heisenberg Principle mean? Einstein believed a deeper theory existed than QT because God does not play dice; Bohr believed that nature is fundamentally statistical. The side of Einstein is supported by my discovery within the last year that a spin ½ has two, not one, axes of quantization: the 2D spin. This model leads to some surprising results including proving that the entangled Bell states are separable. Therefore entanglement is a property of QT, but not at the level of single particles. The 2D spin also gives a local interpretation to the class of experiments that are usually thought to demonstrate non-locality. Moreover the 2D spin produces another spin state through interference, and this spin fringe has irrational quantum numbers of ±1/root(2) rather than ±1/2. The self-interference of a single 2D spin suggests a mechanism that would resolve the double-slit experiment. All three spin components are simultaneously well defined, even though they do not commute. However because of degeneracy, a rationalization of the statistical nature of QT emerges. The usual spin with a single axis of quantization is recovered when a magnetic field is applied to the 2D spin. All these intuitive ideas come at the expense of the hermitian postulate of quantum mechanics because the 2D spin states are found to be non-hermitian.