The dynamics of emotional discordance: Psychophysiology, observed affect, and self-reported experience

情绪理论认为，连贯的情绪反应的标志是生理、经验和行为领域的一致性或相互放大。相反，情绪调节（ER）模型强调情绪过程的适应性调节，以服务于目标。例如，下调负面情绪的努力集中在选择性地控制生理（例如，深呼吸）或经验（例如，重新评估情感意义）或行为（例如，抑制表达）表现，以实现较少痛苦的情绪状态。因此，情绪理论所期望的一致性（已经得到了有限的经验支持）被ER的控制过程所破坏。

Emotion theories assert that the hallmark of a coherent emotional response is the concordance or mutual amplification across the physiological, experiential, and behavioural domains. In contrast, models of emotion regulation (ER) emphasize the adaptive modulation of emotion processes in service of goals. Efforts to down regulate negative emotions, for example, focus on selectively controlling physiological (e.g., deep breathing) or experiential (e.g., re-evaluating emotional significance) or behavioural (e.g., suppressing expressions) manifestations in order to realize a less distressed emotional state. Thus, the concordance expected by emotion theory (which has received limited empirical support) is disrupted by the control processes of ER.