Solid state (electro)chemistry in confined dimensions

在过去的十年中，对先进的能量存储和转换系统的需求每年都在显著增加。 受各种不同需求的推动，它们都为我们技术驱动、高度移动的、能源挑战的社会带来了好处。 过去的努力受到便携式和小型化电子设备、不间断电源、电动工具和其他可移动设备的刺激。 尽管这些需求将持续到未来，但在石油储量减少和二氧化碳排放增加的情况下，将出现更紧迫的需求。这些目标将通过有效利用太阳能和风能等可再生能源来实现，在这些领域，能源储存是必要的，以提供关键的负荷平衡;混合动力（或电动）车辆的能源储存和转换装置，以减少燃料消耗和城市污染。在上一个融资周期中，我们已经成为全球发现和研究储能新材料的首要实验室，并启动了一项新的能源转换材料计划。本提案描述了一个有三大主题的研究计划。 其中包括一系列材料科学项目，旨在开发生产先进材料的新战略。 第二个主题包括纳米结构设计领域的研究。 这些项目中的一些是针对新的储能材料及其反应的研究;另一些是关于中孔碳及其在能量转换装置中的利用;另一个是专注于固体中离子和电子传输与电化学性质的相关性，以及这在大块与纳米级之间的差异。 第三个主题是针对使用纳米结构来控制化学和电化学反应。 该提案的统一概念是利用我们在广泛的材料合成，电化学和表征工具方面的专业知识，在致力于能源材料的固态化学领域进行基础研究。 这里提出的研究将我和我的研究小组带入许多新的方向，同时建立在过去资助周期中开发的知识和技能基础上。

Demands for advanced energy storage and conversion systems have increased significantly each year for the last decade. Motivated by a variety of different needs, they have in common the benefits for our technologically-driven, highly mobile, energy challenged society. Efforts in the past have been spurred by portable and miniaturized electronics, uninterrupted power supplies, power tools, and other transportable devices. Although these will remain into the future, more pressing needs in the face of diminishing oil reserves and increased CO2 emissions will arise. They will be met by the efficient use of renewable energies such as solar and wind, where energy storage is necessary to provide critical load levelling; and in energy storage and conversion devices for hybrid (or electric) vehicles to mitigate fuel consumption and urban pollution. In the last funding cycle we have established ourselves as a premier laboratory worldwide in the discovery and investigation of new materials for energy storage, and launched a new program in energy conversion materials. This proposal describes a research program with three major themes. One includes a cluster of materials science projects aimed at the development of new strategies for producing advanced materials. The second theme includes research in the field of nanostructured design. Some of these projects are directed towards studies of new energy storage materials and their reactions; others on mesoporous carbons and their utilization in energy conversion devices; and another is focused on the correlation of ion and electron transport in solids to electrochemical properties and how this differs in the bulk vs the nanoscale. The third theme is directed towards using nanostructures to control chemical, and electrochemical reactivity. The unifying concept of this proposal is the utilization of our expertise in a wide range of materials synthesis, electrochemistry, and characterization tools to conduct fundamental research in the areas of solid state chemistry devoted to energy materials. The research proposed here takes me and my research group into many new directions while building upon knowledge and skills developed over the past funding cycle.