Fouling control of low pressure membrane systems for drinking water applications

膜是一个越来越受欢迎的水处理选择，因为它们能够始终如一地生产高质量的水，而不管进入的未经处理的水质。然而，为了使膜在长时间内有效地操作，它们必须针对污染控制进行优化。膜提供了将污染物输送到处理水侧的物理屏障，这些污染物污染膜，这导致水生产率降低和操作成本增加。污染物污染膜表面的方式和程度可以通过预处理选择、物理操作参数的优化和化学清洗来减少。因此，膜污染的控制和预防是膜技术研究的一个必要的基本模式.由于其相对较低的成本，迄今为止聚合物膜在水处理领域中比陶瓷膜享有更大的成功。陶瓷膜技术的最新创新降低了资本成本，也将陶瓷膜作为游戏玩家引入了水处理行业。陶瓷膜提供了一种有吸引力的替代聚合物膜，因为它们具有更长的使用寿命、更高的耐化学性和更大的pH耐受性。然而，陶瓷和聚合物膜的研究需求仍然存在，包括预处理选项，物理操作参数和清洁方法，特别是在低温下缺乏这方面的研究。本研究的目的是（1）检查生物预处理的膜污染控制方案和（2）进一步研究物理和化学清洗方法，以控制膜系统中的污染，系统地研究聚合物和陶瓷膜系统在水处理中的应用差异，重点是加拿大的气候需求，特别是包括冷水分析。在加拿大，任何时候都有大约1000个沸水咨询机构（water.ca），大多数情况下与小型社区系统有关。这项研究膜处理与冷水条件是特别相关的加拿大，并可能提供一个很好的解决方案，在加拿大的小型和偏远社区，这往往是位于北方地区的饮用水问题。虽然膜具有作为小社区的优选处理选择的潜力，因为它们能够在不同的原水条件下产生一致的高质量水，但由于膜污染和处理永久污染的膜的相关高成本，它们的应用受到限制。这项研究将探讨适当的污垢控制方法，重点是冷水分析，为聚合物和陶瓷膜，预计将提供切实可行的解决方案，在加拿大的小型和偏远社区的饮用水质量问题，提供长期改善安全饮用水的获取和水质为所有加拿大人。

Membranes are a growing popular choice for water treatment due to their ability to consistently produce high quality water regardless of the incoming untreated water quality. However, for membranes to operate effectively over a long period of time they must be optimized for fouling control. Membranes provide a physical barrier to the transport of contaminants to the treated water side, these contaminants foul the membrane which results in decreased water productivity and increased operating costs. The way and extent in which contaminants foul the membrane surface can be reduced by pretreatment options, optimization of physical operational parameters and chemical cleaning. Thus fouling control and prevention is a necessary primary mode of research for membrane technology. To-date polymeric membranes have enjoyed greater success than ceramic membranes in the water treatment field because of their relatively lower costs. Recent innovations, resulting in lower capital costs, in ceramic membrane technology have introduced ceramic membranes as a game player into the water treatment industry as well. Ceramic membranes provide an attractive alternative to polymeric membranes because of their longer operating life, higher chemical resistance, and larger pH tolerances. However, research needs for both ceramic and polymeric membranes still exist, including pretreatment options, physical operating parameters and cleaning methodologies, in particular there is a lack of research in this area at cold temperatures. The objectives of this research are to (1) examine biological pretreatment options for membrane fouling control and (2) further research physical and chemical cleaning methodologies to control fouling in membrane systems to systematically research differences between polymeric and ceramic membrane systems for applications in water treatment with a focus on Canadian climatic needs, particularly the inclusion of cold water analysis. In Canada, at any given time there are approximately 1000 Boil Water Advisories (water.ca), most often tied to small community systems. This research into membrane treatment with cold water conditions is of particular relevance to Canada and may provide an excellent solution to drinking water issues in small and remote communities in Canada, which are often located in Northern regions. While membranes have the potential as a preferred treatment option for small communities because of their ability to produce consistent high quality water under varying raw water conditions, they have received limited application due to membrane fouling and the associated high costs of dealing with a permanently fouled membrane. This research will examines appropriate fouling control methods, with a focus on cold water analysis, for both polymeric and ceramic membranes and is expected to provide practical solutions to drinking water quality issues in small and remote communities in Canada to provide a long term improvement in safe drinking water access and water quality for all Canadians.