Integration of practices and technologies in construction.

与其他行业相比，建筑行业表现不佳。在许多研究中发现的两个问题是：1)最终产品在质量方面的价值较差，缺乏适合目的和可持续性；2)对于该产品的交付，低生产率/可预测性（成本和进度）。与这些问题相关的研究发现的核心问题是高多层次碎片化和线性设计和施工过程。这种支离破碎的线性过程所造成的性能不足的成本因研究而异，占项目总成本的30%至50%不等。研究和行业提出的解决方案是：设计过程，团队或实践，或通过信息技术的信息的整合。然而，这种集成需要从线性和碎片化的过程转向集成和迭代的过程，从工艺转向敏捷的工作组织，从工作包、活动和任务的管理转向工作流和数据流的管理。这些挑战是多方面的、复杂的和系统性的；解决和平衡项目网络中互操作性的技术、语义和组织问题。

The construction industry performs poorly compared to other industries. The two problems identified in numerous studies are 1) the poor value of the end product in terms of quality, the lack of fit for purpose and sustainability; and 2) for the delivery of this product, the poor productivity/predictability (cost and schedule). The core issues identified in research related to these problems are the high multilevel fragmentation, and the linear design and construction process. The cost of the lack of performance from this fragmented and linear process varies from study to study between 30 to 50% of the total project cost. The solutions proposed by research and industry are the integration of: the design process, teams or practices, or of information through information technology. This integration requires however moving from linear and fragmented to integrated and iterative processes, from craftsmanship to agile organization of work, from the management of work packages, activities and tasks to the management of workflows and dataflows. The challenges are multidimensional, complex and systemic; addressing and balancing technological, semantic and organizational issues of interoperability within the project network. This research program aims to study two specific instances of information generation and exchange within the project supply chain using Building Information Modeling (BIM) – a set of interacting policies, processes and technologies for the generation and management of digital representations of a facility. These two instances are seen as critical interfaces in the overall project lifecycle. The first instance is the interface between the owner and the consulting team. It has been reported that Owners have the most potential to benefit from the deployment of BIM [1], and have the most influence in deploying BIM within project settings [2] . However, there seems to be an overall lack of initiative and leadership on the part of the Owners to mandate BIM on their projects and implement BIM as a long-term solution within their organizations. There is evidence that the deployment of BIM in a project setting involves a complete overhaul of the current contractual arrangements between owners and suppliers [3] . It also requires a re-configuration of business practices for the organizations involved in the project lifecycle [4]. The challenges for owners contemplating mandating BIM are considerable: an unready market, training costs and the learning curve, the necessity for the full participation of the project team, too many legal barriers, issues with model ownership, and a lack of standardization [5]. The research aims to study how information is generated and exchanged at this critical interface in light of these aforementioned barriers. The second instance is within the consulting team, more precisely the energy analysis process or the interface between architect and mechanical engineer. Some work has looked into the technological aspects of performing energy analysis [6, 7]. However, the procedural aspects of energy modeling in a BIM environment have been sparsely documented. Through the broader lens of interoperability, the iterative process of information generation and exchange that characterizes the energy analysis process can be thoroughly analyzed.