CAREER: Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles; A Tool to Enable the Fabrication of Nanoparticle Based Devices

的目标。这个CAREER项目的第一个研究目标是开发一种平行工具来定位纳米颗粒和小部件到表面上。将开发的战略是基于定向自组装；它使用带有区域（受体）的图案表面，与基于纳米颗粒的设备组件相互作用。驱动装配过程的相互作用是基于静电力的。该研究的中心目标是证明纳米技术器件可以通过纳米颗粒构建块的定向自组装来组装。作为第一个器件的例子，研究将集中在垂直流场效应晶体管的制造上，该晶体管使用硅纳米颗粒作为通道元件。具体的职业目标是：开发一种基于定向自组装的平行工具，以定位纳米颗粒和小部件，分辨率低于100纳米。从理论和实验两方面研究了关键因素和最终解决方案。将所开发的工具应用于制造纳米技术器件，特别是垂直流动场效应管。促进跨学科的教育，并向广泛的社区推广。知识的优点。纳米粒子可以提供多种功能，被认为是未来纳米技术设备的基石。这类器件的例子有单电子晶体管、基于量子效应的激光器、光子带隙材料、滤波器和波导。利用随机粒子沉积和单粒子操作实现了器件原型。这些策略对于制造和探索新的设备架构是有用的；然而，它们在产量和速度上的落后将在未来被克服。基于自组装和定向组装的制造策略可以克服这些困难。该计划将推进在定向自组装领域的知识。这项研究将集中在静电相互作用上，因为它们是远距离的和非材料特异性的（任何粒子都可以被捕获）。PI发明了一种以100纳米分辨率绘制电荷图样的平行工艺（发表在2001年的《科学》杂志上，见参考书目）。在初步实验中，这些电荷模式可以从气相和液相指导纳米颗粒的组装。这些发现表明，由表面电荷或外部偏置电极产生的静电力可以用来引导纳米颗粒到衬底上的特定位置。研究者认为，这种静电导向的自组装，因为它是基于远程静电相互作用，将比其他使用蛋白质识别、DNA杂交、疏水/亲水性和磁相互作用的策略具有显著的优势。CAREER计划为完成PI的长期研究目标奠定了基础，该目标是使用各种不同的短程和远程相互作用来指导小部件和纳米颗粒的组装，以制造二维和三维的功能设备。更广泛的影响。如果这个职业计划的研究部分被证明是成功的，其更广泛的影响是很难夸大的。例如，材料可以在蒸汽或溶液中形成纳米粒子，在那里它们可以使用成熟的方法进行处理。在任意基板上定位任意材料的颗粒和小部件的能力可以允许基于其他不相容材料的技术合并。应用实例包括量子电子器件（在本计划中讨论），用于可穿戴智能的塑料或织物上的集成电路，以及用于光学片外和跨片通信的合并光学/电子结构。教育的目标。职业计划的教育目标侧重于提高人们对PI研究以及探索性跨学科研究的认识和传递兴奋。它强调在整个学术生涯中为学生提供持续参与机会的重要性。受PI教育经验的强烈影响，教育方法包括以下要点：1)向高中学生和教师推广，2)本科教育，3)本科研究，4)研究生教育，5)研究生研究，6)向公众推广。社会影响。“纳米科学和纳米技术的进步有望在未来几十年对健康、财富与和平产生重大影响。这一领域的知识在世界范围内不断增长，导致了基础科学的进步。反过来，这将导致材料、设备和系统的理解和创造方式发生巨大变化。”——取自米哈伊尔·c·罗科。这项研究是促进知识进步的一个因素。这表明设备和系统的创造方式发生了巨大变化。

Goals. The first research objective of this CAREER program is to develop a parallel tool to position nanoparticles and small components onto surfaces. The strategy that will be developed is based on directed self-assembly; it uses a patterned surface with areas (receptors) that interact with nanoparticle based device components. The interaction driving the assembly process is based on electrostatic forces. The central goal of the research is to demonstrate that nanotechnological devices can be assembled by the directed self-assembly of nanoparticle building blocks. As a first device example the research will focus on the fabrication of a vertical flow field effect transistor that uses a silicon nanoparticle as channel element. The specific CAREER objectives are:To develop a parallel tool that is based on directed self-assembly to position nanoparticles and small components on surfaces with sub 100 nm resolution. To study the key factors and ultimate resolution in theory and experiment.To apply the developed tool to fabricate nanotechnological devices in general and a vertical flow FET in particular.To foster a cross-disciplinary education and outreach to a broad community. Intellectual merits. Nanoparticles can provide a variety of functions and are considered as building blocks for future nanotechnological devices. Examples of such devices are single electron transistors, quantum-effect-based lasers, photonic bandgap materials, filters, and wave-guides. Device prototypes have been realized using random particle deposition and single particle manipulation. Such strategies are useful to fabricate and explore new device architectures; however, their lag in yield and speed will have to be overcome in the future. Fabrication strategies that are based on self-assembly and directed assembly may overcome these difficulties. This program will advance the knowledge in the area of directed self-assembly. The research will focus on electrostatic interactions because they are long-range and non-material specific (any particle can be trapped). The PI invented a parallel process to pattern charge at 100 nm resolution (published in Science 2001, see bibliography). In a preliminary experiment, these charge patterns allowed to direct the assembly of nanoparticles from the gas phase and liquid phase. These findings demonstrate that electrostatic forces resulting from surface charges or externally biased electrodes can be used to guide nanoparticles to specific locations on a substrate. The investigator believes that such an electrostatically-directed self-assembly, because it is based on long-range electrostatic interactions, will give a significant advantage over other strategies that use protein recognition, DNA hybridization, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, and magnetic interaction. The CAREER program lays down the ground work to accomplish the PI's long term research goal, which is to use a variety of different short range and long range interactions to direct the assembly of small components and nanoparticles to fabricate functional devices in two- and three dimensions. Broader impact. It is difficult to overstate the broader impact of the research component of this CAREER pogram, if it proves successful. For example, materials could be created as nanoparticles in the vapor or in solution, where they could be processed using well established methods. The ability to localize particles and small components of arbitrary materials on arbitrary substrates could allow the merging of technologies based on otherwise incompatible materials. Examples of applications include quantum electronic devices (addressed in this program), integrated circuits on plastics or fabrics for wearable intelligence, and merged optical/electronic structures for optical off-chip and cross-chip communication. Educational objectives. The educational objectives of the CAREER program focuses on creating awareness and transmitting excitement about the PI's research as well as exploratory, interdisciplinary research in general. It emphasizes on the importance of providing continuous opportunities for student involvement throughout their academic careers. Strongly influenced by the PI's educational experiences, the educational approach includes the following key points: 1) outreach to high school students and teachers, 2) undergraduate education, 3) undergraduate research, 4) graduate education, 5) graduate research, and 6) outreach to the general public.Societal implications. "Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology promise to have major implications for health, wealth, and peace in the upcoming decades. Knowledge in this field is growing worldwide, leading to fundamental scientific advances. In turn, this will lead to dramatic changes in the ways that materials, devices, and systems are understood and create." - after Mihail C. Roco. This research is one element to advance knowledge. It suggests a dramatic change in the way that devices and systems are created.