CAREER: Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles; A Tool to Enable the Fabrication of Nanoparticle Based Devices

目标。该职业计划的第一个研究目标是开发一种并行工具，将纳米粒子和小部件定位到表面上。将开发的策略基于定向自组装；它使用带有区域（受体）的图案化表面，与基于纳米粒子的设备组件相互作用。驱动组装过程的相互作用基于静电力。该研究的中心目标是证明纳米技术设备可以通过纳米粒子构件的定向自组装来组装。作为第一个器件示例，该研究将重点关注使用硅纳米粒子作为沟道元件的垂直流场效应晶体管的制造。具体的职业目标是：开发一种基于定向自组装的并行工具，以亚 100 nm 分辨率将纳米粒子和小型组件定位在表面上。研究理论和实验的关键因素和最终分辨率。应用开发的工具来制造一般的纳米技术器件，特别是垂直流场效应晶体管。促进跨学科教育和向广泛社区的推广。智力上的优点。纳米颗粒可以提供多种功能，被认为是未来纳米技术设备的构建模块。此类器件的示例包括单电子晶体管、基于量子效应的激光器、光子带隙材料、滤波器和波导。设备原型已通过随机粒子沉积和单粒子操纵实现。这些策略对于制造和探索新的设备架构很有用；然而，未来必须克服它们在产量和速度方面的滞后。基于自组装和定向组装的制造策略可以克服这些困难。该计划将推进定向自组装领域的知识。该研究将重点关注静电相互作用，因为它们是长距离且非材料特异性的（任何粒子都可以被捕获）。 PI 发明了一种以 100 nm 分辨率对电荷进行图案化的并行过程（发表于《Science》2001 年，请参阅参考书目）。在初步实验中，这些电荷模式可以引导纳米粒子从气相和液相组装。这些发现表明，由表面电荷或外部偏置电极产生的静电力可用于将纳米颗粒引导至基底上的特定位置。研究人员认为，这种静电定向自组装由于基于长程静电相互作用，因此比使用蛋白质识别、DNA 杂交、疏水性/亲水性和磁相互作用的其他策略具有显着优势。 CAREER 计划为实现 PI 的长期研究目标奠定了基础，即利用各种不同的短程和长程相互作用来指导小型组件和纳米颗粒的组装，以制造二维和三维的功能器件。更广泛的影响。如果该职业计划的研究部分获得成功，那么它的广泛影响力怎么强调都不为过。 例如，可以在蒸气或溶液中将材料制成纳米颗粒，并可以使用成熟的方法对其进行加工。将任意材料的颗粒和小成分定位在任意基材上的能力可以允许基于其他不相容材料的技术的合并。应用示例包括量子电子设备（在本程序中讨论）、用于可穿戴智能的塑料或织物上的集成电路，以及用于光学片外和跨芯片通信的合并光学/电子结构。教育目标。职业计划的教育目标侧重于提高对 PI 的研究以及一般探索性跨学科研究的认识并传递兴奋感。它强调为学生提供持续参与整个学术生涯的机会的重要性。受 PI 教育经历的强烈影响，教育方法包括以下要点：1) 向高中生和教师推广，2) 本科教育，3) 本科生研究，4) 研究生教育，5) 研究生研究，6) 向公众推广。社会影响。 “纳米科学和纳米技术的进步有望在未来几十年对健康、财富与和平产生重大影响。这一领域的知识在全世界范围内不断增长，从而带来基础性的科学进步。反过来，这将导致材料、设备和系统的理解和创造方式发生巨大变化。” - 继米哈伊尔·C·罗科之后。这项研究是推进知识的一个要素。它表明设备和系统的创建方式发生了巨大变化。

Goals. The first research objective of this CAREER program is to develop a parallel tool to position nanoparticles and small components onto surfaces. The strategy that will be developed is based on directed self-assembly; it uses a patterned surface with areas (receptors) that interact with nanoparticle based device components. The interaction driving the assembly process is based on electrostatic forces. The central goal of the research is to demonstrate that nanotechnological devices can be assembled by the directed self-assembly of nanoparticle building blocks. As a first device example the research will focus on the fabrication of a vertical flow field effect transistor that uses a silicon nanoparticle as channel element. The specific CAREER objectives are:To develop a parallel tool that is based on directed self-assembly to position nanoparticles and small components on surfaces with sub 100 nm resolution. To study the key factors and ultimate resolution in theory and experiment.To apply the developed tool to fabricate nanotechnological devices in general and a vertical flow FET in particular.To foster a cross-disciplinary education and outreach to a broad community. Intellectual merits. Nanoparticles can provide a variety of functions and are considered as building blocks for future nanotechnological devices. Examples of such devices are single electron transistors, quantum-effect-based lasers, photonic bandgap materials, filters, and wave-guides. Device prototypes have been realized using random particle deposition and single particle manipulation. Such strategies are useful to fabricate and explore new device architectures; however, their lag in yield and speed will have to be overcome in the future. Fabrication strategies that are based on self-assembly and directed assembly may overcome these difficulties. This program will advance the knowledge in the area of directed self-assembly. The research will focus on electrostatic interactions because they are long-range and non-material specific (any particle can be trapped). The PI invented a parallel process to pattern charge at 100 nm resolution (published in Science 2001, see bibliography). In a preliminary experiment, these charge patterns allowed to direct the assembly of nanoparticles from the gas phase and liquid phase. These findings demonstrate that electrostatic forces resulting from surface charges or externally biased electrodes can be used to guide nanoparticles to specific locations on a substrate. The investigator believes that such an electrostatically-directed self-assembly, because it is based on long-range electrostatic interactions, will give a significant advantage over other strategies that use protein recognition, DNA hybridization, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, and magnetic interaction. The CAREER program lays down the ground work to accomplish the PI's long term research goal, which is to use a variety of different short range and long range interactions to direct the assembly of small components and nanoparticles to fabricate functional devices in two- and three dimensions. Broader impact. It is difficult to overstate the broader impact of the research component of this CAREER pogram, if it proves successful. For example, materials could be created as nanoparticles in the vapor or in solution, where they could be processed using well established methods. The ability to localize particles and small components of arbitrary materials on arbitrary substrates could allow the merging of technologies based on otherwise incompatible materials. Examples of applications include quantum electronic devices (addressed in this program), integrated circuits on plastics or fabrics for wearable intelligence, and merged optical/electronic structures for optical off-chip and cross-chip communication. Educational objectives. The educational objectives of the CAREER program focuses on creating awareness and transmitting excitement about the PI's research as well as exploratory, interdisciplinary research in general. It emphasizes on the importance of providing continuous opportunities for student involvement throughout their academic careers. Strongly influenced by the PI's educational experiences, the educational approach includes the following key points: 1) outreach to high school students and teachers, 2) undergraduate education, 3) undergraduate research, 4) graduate education, 5) graduate research, and 6) outreach to the general public.Societal implications. "Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology promise to have major implications for health, wealth, and peace in the upcoming decades. Knowledge in this field is growing worldwide, leading to fundamental scientific advances. In turn, this will lead to dramatic changes in the ways that materials, devices, and systems are understood and create." - after Mihail C. Roco. This research is one element to advance knowledge. It suggests a dramatic change in the way that devices and systems are created.