Araucanian Polity Formation in the Southern Cone, South America

南美洲南锥体的阿劳卡尼亚政体形成

• 批准号: 0411382
• 负责人: Tom Dillehay
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Kentucky Research Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-09-01 至 2004-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0411382&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Araucanian; Polity; Formation; Southern; Cone

Far from being a footnote in Latin American history, Native Americans form the structure upon which Latin American history is based. Several million indigenous peoples were organized into many complex cultures and societies thousands of years before Europeans reached their hemisphere. Some of these people stopped Spanish colonial expansion at the outset of contact. The most acclaimed and least studied of these cases of successful resistance is that of the Araucanians of Chile. The Araucanians maintained control over large parts of the southern third of South America between the early 1600s and the late 1800s. In fact, the resistance to the Spanish was so successful that the first conquistadors called the Araucanians "el Estado" or the state, implying that this native population had achieved a level of socio-political organization equal to the Aztec and Inca.To continue as a politically autonomous people after the arrival of the Spanish, however, the Araucanians had to make profound social and ideological changes in their way of life, even in their religion, diet, and patterns of settlement. A number of Spanish deserters, including clerics, lived among the natives, and there was continuous contact between the Spanish and Araucanians during this period, which provides richly detailed written texts about the latter. This new lifeway also entailed an increase in the construction of temples and pyramids, agricultural fields and canals, and fortresses, all of which are still visible across the Araucaina landscape today. The purpose of this study is to carry out a three-year archeological and ethnohistorical investigation of the rise of the Araucanian state or polity just before the arrival of the Spanish and how it stopped Spanish colonialism during the 16th to 19th centuries. The study is concentrated in the Puren and Lumaco Valley in south-central Chile, which was known to the Spanish as the center of resistance and the "unconquerable valley." This valley also is the place where the densest native settlements and the largest temple pyramids are located. Today, more than 800,000 Araucanian (or Mapuche) people live in Chile. They still take great pride in their unique achievement and in the archeology of the pyramids and settlements that reflect their rich past and fame in Latin American history. The project is the first time this history has been examined from an archeological and ethnohistorical perspective.

美洲原住民远非拉丁美洲历史上的一个脚注，而是构成了拉丁美洲历史的基础。早在欧洲人到达他们的半球之前几千年，数百万土著人民就被组织成了许多复杂的文化和社会。其中一些人在接触开始时就阻止了西班牙的殖民扩张。在这些成功抵抗的案例中，最受赞扬但研究最少的是智利的阿劳卡人。阿劳卡人在17世纪初至19世纪末控制了南美洲南部三分之一的大部分地区。事实上，对西班牙人的抵抗是如此成功，以至于第一批征服者称阿劳卡人为“el Estado”或国家，这意味着这个土著人口已经达到了与阿兹特克和印加相当的社会政治组织水平。然而，为了在西班牙人到来后继续作为一个政治自治的民族，阿劳卡人不得不在他们的生活方式上进行深刻的社会和意识形态变革，甚至在他们的宗教、饮食和定居方式上。一些西班牙逃兵，包括神职人员，生活在当地人中间，在这一时期，西班牙人和阿劳卡人之间不断接触，这提供了关于后者的丰富详细的书面文本。这种新的生活方式也带来了寺庙和金字塔，农田和运河以及堡垒的建设，所有这些在今天的阿劳凯纳景观中仍然可见。 这项研究的目的是进行为期三年的考古学和民族历史学调查的阿劳卡尼亚国家或政体的崛起之前，西班牙人的到来，以及它如何阻止西班牙殖民主义在16日至19世纪。这项研究集中在智利中南部的普伦和卢马科山谷，西班牙人将其称为抵抗中心和“不可征服的山谷”。“这个山谷也是丹麦土著定居点和最大的寺庙金字塔所在的地方。今天，超过800，000阿劳卡人（或马普切人）生活在智利。他们仍然对自己独特的成就和金字塔和定居点的考古学感到非常自豪，这些考古学反映了他们在拉丁美洲历史上丰富的过去和声誉。该项目是第一次从考古学和民族历史学的角度研究这段历史。