Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Creation of Araucanian Anti-Colonial Identity During the Contact Period, AD 1550-1650

在Tom Dillehay博士的指导下，Jacob J. Sauer将在智利中南部的Santa Sylvia遗址进行考古发掘，并在Pucón-Villarrica周边地区进行人种学和人种历史学研究，并将构成他在范德比尔特大学博士研究的大部分。圣西尔维亚（及周边地区）在公元1556年至1598年期间被西班牙殖民者占领，在西班牙占领之前、期间和之后被阿劳卡人/马普切印第安人占领，是智利中南部唯一已知的拥有西班牙和阿劳卡人/马普切人在史前和历史时期的文物和其他文化遗迹的遗址。作为美洲少数几个积极抵制欧洲殖民主义的土著群体之一，也是300多年来成功保持文化和政治自治并将文化影响力扩大到阿根廷的唯一群体，智利中南部的阿劳卡人/马普切人处于独特的地位，可以提供关于殖民主义、文化接触、身份形成、通过民族历史学、民族志学和考古学调查研究民族起源和其他主题。本研究通过对圣西尔维亚遗址的考古调查以及对普孔-比利亚里卡周边地区的民族历史和民族志研究，寻找关于上述主题的信息，以表明：1）阿劳卡人/马普切人如何应对西班牙在该地区的入侵; 2）普孔-比利亚里卡的阿劳卡人/马普切人的经历与南部其他地区相比的可能性-智利中部和未来的研究方向;和3）展示的效用和必要性的跨学科，全面研究阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人在这一重要时期。在当地，这项研究将提供重要的信息，特别是考古，关于阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人和西班牙人之间的相互作用。大多数关于这个主题的论述都涉及书面文件，而没有深入研究考古学和人种学记录。今天，随着阿劳卡人/马普切人寻求加强他们在智利和阿根廷的社会和历史身份，这项研究将深入了解与西班牙人互动期间发生的变化，同时突出西班牙殖民尝试之前存在的长期材料记录。这项研究不仅可以应用于人类学，历史和一般的社会科学，但也可以适用于处理文化互动的社会和政治影响的其他组织和团体。随着世界变得越来越相互关联，个人和群体以各种方式对来自其他地方的影响作出反应，有些是敌意，有些是接受。虽然传统意义上的殖民主义在今天已经很少发生，但文化和社会影响仍然对现代社会产生了巨大影响。这里所研究的阿劳卡尼亚/马普切人的例子可以让我们深入了解不同社会互动、抵制和接受不同影响的方式，以及这些影响对身份和历史观念的影响，不仅对土著社会，而且对外部影响者也是如此。

Under the direction of Dr. Tom Dillehay, Jacob J. Sauer will conduct archaeological excavation at the site of Santa Sylvia in south-central Chile, as well as ethnographic and ethnohistoric research in the surrounding area of Pucón-Villarrica, and will constitute the bulk of his doctoral research at Vanderbilt University. Santa Sylvia (and the surrounding area) was occupied by Spanish colonizers between AD 1556 and AD 1598 and by the Araucanian/ Mapuche Indians before, during, and after the Spanish occupation, and is the only known site in south-central Chile to definitively have artifacts and other cultural remains from the Spanish and the Araucanians/Mapuche in both prehistoric and historic times. As one of the few indigenous groups in the Americas to actively resist European colonialism and the only group to successfully maintain cultural and political autonomy for over 300 years while expanding cultural influence into Argentina, the Araucanians/Mapuche of south-central Chile are in the unique position to provide important information and perspectives on colonialism, culture contact, identity formation, ethnogenesis and other topics through ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and archaeological investigation. This research seeks information on the above topics through archaeological investigation at the site of Santa Sylvia as well as ethnohistoric and ethnographic research in the surrounding area of Pucón-Villarrica, to show: 1) how the Araucanians/Mapuche reacted to Spanish incursion in this area; 2) possibilities on how the Araucanian/Mapuche experience in Pucón-Villarrica compares to other areas of south-central Chile and directions for future research; and 3) demonstrate the utility and necessity of interdisciplinary, holistic research on the Araucanians/Mapuche during this important time period.Locally, this research will provide important information, archaeological in particular, regarding the interactions between the Araucanian/Mapuche and Spanish. Most treatments of the subject deal with the written documents without delving in to the archaeological and ethnographic record. Today, as the Araucanians/Mapuches seek to strengthen their own social and historical identity in Chile and Argentina, this research will provide insight into the changes that occurred during interactions with the Spanish, while at the same time highlighting the long material record that existed prior to Spanish attempts at colonization.This research can be applied not only to anthropology, history, and the social sciences in general, but can also be applicable to other organizations and groups dealing with the social and political effects of cultural interaction. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, individuals and groups react in myriad ways to the influences coming from elsewhere, some with hostility and others with acceptance. Though colonialism in the traditional sense rarely occurs today, cultural and social influences nonetheless have the considerable impact on modern societies as they did in the past. The Araucanian/Mapuche example studied here can provide insight into the ways that different societies interact, resist and accept different influences, and the effects those have on notions of identity and history, not only for indigenous societies but for the outside influencers as well.