Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Creation of Araucanian Anti-Colonial Identity During the Contact Period, AD 1550-1650

在Tom Dillehay博士的指导下，Jacob J.Sauer将在智利中南部的Santa Sylvia遗址进行考古挖掘，并在PUCón-Villarrica周围地区进行民族志和民族史学研究，并将构成他在Vanderbilt大学的大部分博士研究。圣西尔维亚(及其周围地区)在公元1556年至公元1598年间被西班牙殖民者占领，在西班牙占领之前、期间和之后被阿劳卡尼亚/马普切印第安人占领，是智利中南部唯一已知的史前和史前时期都有西班牙人和阿劳卡尼亚/马普切人的手工艺品和其他文化遗迹的遗址。作为美洲少数几个积极抵抗欧洲殖民主义的土著群体之一，也是唯一一个在将文化影响扩大到阿根廷的同时成功保持了300多年文化和政治自治的群体，智利中南部的阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人具有独特的地位，可以通过民族史学、人种学和考古学调查，就殖民主义、文化接触、身份形成、民族起源和其他主题提供重要信息和观点。这项研究通过对圣西尔维亚遗址的考古调查以及对普隆-维拉里卡周围地区的民族历史和民族志研究，寻求关于上述主题的信息，以表明：1)阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人对西班牙入侵这一地区的反应；2)阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人在普卡翁-维拉里卡的经历与智利中南部其他地区相比的可能性，以及未来研究的方向；以及3)论证在这一重要时期对阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人进行跨学科全面研究的效用和必要性。对这一主题的大多数处理都是处理书面文件，而不是深入研究考古和民族志记录。今天，随着阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人寻求加强他们在智利和阿根廷的社会和历史认同，这项研究将提供对与西班牙人互动过程中发生的变化的洞察，同时强调西班牙人试图殖民之前存在的长期物质记录。这项研究不仅可以应用于人类学、历史学和一般社会科学，也可以适用于处理文化互动的社会和政治影响的其他组织和群体。随着世界变得越来越相互联系，个人和团体对来自其他地方的影响做出了各种各样的反应，一些人怀有敌意，另一些人则接受。虽然传统意义上的殖民主义在今天很少发生，但文化和社会影响仍然像过去一样对现代社会产生了相当大的影响。这里研究的阿劳卡尼亚人/马普切人的例子可以洞察不同社会互动、抵制和接受不同影响的方式，以及这些方式对身份和历史观念的影响，不仅对土著社会，而且对外部影响者也是如此。

Under the direction of Dr. Tom Dillehay, Jacob J. Sauer will conduct archaeological excavation at the site of Santa Sylvia in south-central Chile, as well as ethnographic and ethnohistoric research in the surrounding area of Pucón-Villarrica, and will constitute the bulk of his doctoral research at Vanderbilt University. Santa Sylvia (and the surrounding area) was occupied by Spanish colonizers between AD 1556 and AD 1598 and by the Araucanian/ Mapuche Indians before, during, and after the Spanish occupation, and is the only known site in south-central Chile to definitively have artifacts and other cultural remains from the Spanish and the Araucanians/Mapuche in both prehistoric and historic times. As one of the few indigenous groups in the Americas to actively resist European colonialism and the only group to successfully maintain cultural and political autonomy for over 300 years while expanding cultural influence into Argentina, the Araucanians/Mapuche of south-central Chile are in the unique position to provide important information and perspectives on colonialism, culture contact, identity formation, ethnogenesis and other topics through ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and archaeological investigation. This research seeks information on the above topics through archaeological investigation at the site of Santa Sylvia as well as ethnohistoric and ethnographic research in the surrounding area of Pucón-Villarrica, to show: 1) how the Araucanians/Mapuche reacted to Spanish incursion in this area; 2) possibilities on how the Araucanian/Mapuche experience in Pucón-Villarrica compares to other areas of south-central Chile and directions for future research; and 3) demonstrate the utility and necessity of interdisciplinary, holistic research on the Araucanians/Mapuche during this important time period.Locally, this research will provide important information, archaeological in particular, regarding the interactions between the Araucanian/Mapuche and Spanish. Most treatments of the subject deal with the written documents without delving in to the archaeological and ethnographic record. Today, as the Araucanians/Mapuches seek to strengthen their own social and historical identity in Chile and Argentina, this research will provide insight into the changes that occurred during interactions with the Spanish, while at the same time highlighting the long material record that existed prior to Spanish attempts at colonization.This research can be applied not only to anthropology, history, and the social sciences in general, but can also be applicable to other organizations and groups dealing with the social and political effects of cultural interaction. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, individuals and groups react in myriad ways to the influences coming from elsewhere, some with hostility and others with acceptance. Though colonialism in the traditional sense rarely occurs today, cultural and social influences nonetheless have the considerable impact on modern societies as they did in the past. The Araucanian/Mapuche example studied here can provide insight into the ways that different societies interact, resist and accept different influences, and the effects those have on notions of identity and history, not only for indigenous societies but for the outside influencers as well.