Araucanian Polity Formation in the Southern Cone, South America

美洲原住民远远不是拉丁美洲历史上的一个脚注，而是拉丁美洲历史所基于的结构。几百万土著人民在欧洲人到达他们的半球之前数千年就被组织成许多复杂的文化和社会。这些人中的一些人在接触开始时就阻止了西班牙的殖民扩张。在这些成功抵抗的案例中，最受赞誉但研究最少的是智利的阿劳卡尼亚人。在17世纪初至19世纪末，阿劳卡尼亚人一直控制着南美洲南部三分之一的大片地区。事实上，对西班牙人的抵抗是如此成功，以至于第一批征服者称阿劳卡纳人为“EL ESTADO”或国家，这意味着这个当地居民已经达到了与阿兹特克人和印加人同等的社会政治组织水平。然而，在西班牙人到达后，为了继续作为一个政治自治的民族，阿劳卡纳人不得不对他们的生活方式，甚至在他们的宗教、饮食和定居模式方面，进行深刻的社会和意识形态变革。一些西班牙逃兵，包括神职人员，生活在土著中，在这一时期，西班牙人和阿罗卡尼亚人之间有持续的联系，这提供了关于后者的丰富详细的书面文献。这条新的生命线还增加了寺庙和金字塔、农田、运河和堡垒的建设，所有这些在今天的阿劳卡纳景观中仍然可以看到。这项研究的目的是对西班牙人到来之前的阿劳卡尼亚国家或政体的崛起以及它如何在16至19世纪阻止西班牙殖民主义进行为期三年的考古学和民族史学调查。这项研究集中在智利中南部的普伦和卢马科山谷，西班牙人认为这里是抵抗运动的中心和“不可征服的山谷”。这个山谷也是最密集的原住民聚落和最大的寺庙金字塔所在的地方。今天，80多万阿劳卡尼亚人(或马普切人)生活在智利。他们仍然为自己的独特成就以及金字塔和定居点的考古学感到非常自豪，这些金字塔和定居点反映了他们丰富的过去和在拉丁美洲历史上的声誉。该项目是第一次从考古学和民族史学的角度研究这段历史。

Far from being a footnote in Latin American history, Native Americans form the structure upon which Latin American history is based. Several million indigenous peoples were organized into many complex cultures and societies thousands of years before Europeans reached their hemisphere. Some of these people stopped Spanish colonial expansion at the outset of contact. The most acclaimed and least studied of these cases of successful resistance is that of the Araucanians of Chile. The Araucanians maintained control over large parts of the southern third of South America between the early 1600s and the late 1800s. In fact, the resistance to the Spanish was so successful that the first conquistadors called the Araucanians "el Estado" or the state, implying that this native population had achieved a level of socio-political organization equal to the Aztec and Inca.To continue as a politically autonomous people after the arrival of the Spanish, however, the Araucanians had to make profound social and ideological changes in their way of life, even in their religion, diet, and patterns of settlement. A number of Spanish deserters, including clerics, lived among the natives, and there was continuous contact between the Spanish and Araucanians during this period, which provides richly detailed written texts about the latter. This new lifeway also entailed an increase in the construction of temples and pyramids, agricultural fields and canals, and fortresses, all of which are still visible across the Araucaina landscape today. The purpose of this study is to carry out a three-year archeological and ethnohistorical investigation of the rise of the Araucanian state or polity just before the arrival of the Spanish and how it stopped Spanish colonialism during the 16th to 19th centuries. The study is concentrated in the Puren and Lumaco Valley in south-central Chile, which was known to the Spanish as the center of resistance and the "unconquerable valley." This valley also is the place where the densest native settlements and the largest temple pyramids are located. Today, more than 800,000 Araucanian (or Mapuche) people live in Chile. They still take great pride in their unique achievement and in the archeology of the pyramids and settlements that reflect their rich past and fame in Latin American history. The project is the first time this history has been examined from an archeological and ethnohistorical perspective.