The Construction of an Historic South American Composite State

历史性南美复合国家的建设

• 批准号: 1322256
• 负责人: Tom Dillehay
• 金额: $ 16.77万
• 依托单位: Vanderbilt University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-09-01 至 2016-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1322256&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Construction; Historic; South; American; Composite

The term "state" or "polity," in light of earlier scholarship that generally emphasized stasis and its reference to a specific and particularly intricate "type" of complex society, continues to warrant critical disclosure in archaeology. Despite these advances in understanding early state development, little is still known about how and why specific semi-autonomous to autonomous territories were incorporated and organizationally integrated by higher forms of authority to solve collective problems. One such little known polity is the composite state, defined for the Medieval period in Europe. The composite state was locally centralized but regionally non-centralized and comprised of multiple complementary domains, each with their own leader and with overlapping and often distinct roles in service of a single political system. It was a partitioning political structure that was heterogeneously mixed and non-centralized, yet formed a single compound unit ruled by the consensus of group leadership, as the term suggests. This type of differentiated yet integrated political organization is considered to be the most conceptually identifiable analogy to the Araucanian polity or "Estado" (state) that formed in the middle 16th century to resist the intrusion of the Spanish into south-central Chile. The intent of the Estado was to "compose" four different contiguous domains into a regional structure to represent a non-centralized government, each with a specialized role and internally centralized leadership on the local-level. Implementing the composite pattern treated the individual or compositions as a uniform anti-colonial front to the Spanish empire. This NSF funded research attempts to achieve a more focused comparative archaeological and historical understanding (1) of the formation of and differentiated roles within a composite-like Araucanian proto-state in the early colonial period of the southern Andes and (2) of the socio-cultural and historical conditions that shaped the archaeological record of this formation and differentiation. The focus is on the archaeology of the key area in one of the four domains, Pai Cavi in Tucapel, during the early part (A.D. 1550-1650) of the Arauco War (1552-1894), when this domain's specific role was to provide food for a second domain whose primary role was to defend the frontier against the Spanish. The specific aim is to archaeologically test hypotheses related to how the political organization and role of Pai Cavi and the inferred structures and meanings of its mound, residential, public, subsistence, and administrative spaces functionedThis project provides an important case study for the transition from a lower-level complex society to a proto-or near-state polity of the Araucanian people of Chile. Sites in the study area provide an unparalleled sequence to evaluate the late pre-Hispanic and early Colonial transition to intensive cultivation and how local agricultural technologies were newly created or expanded to include raised field agriculture associated with wetland management technologies. This project also will refine the chronology of large-scale agricultural production and mound-building in this little known portion of South America and associate different mound forms with different societal functions and meanings, within the wider context of a differentiated polity. It also contributes to understanding one of the most successful indigenous groups that resisted Colonial European intervention in the Americas. The project will strengthen international collaboration and provide diverse economic and training opportunities for local indigenous communities, the Proncipal Investigator's U.S. and Chilean-based institutions, and international students. It is composed of a collaborative team that will integrate archaeology, historical anthropology, and ecology, and create research collaborations and opportunities for in-country governmental and non-governmental institutions, mainly local Mapuche communities. These findings also have implications for contemporary questions of long-term change in coupled human-natural systems, conservation, sustainable development, biodiversity, and ecological integrity in the region.

“国家”或“政体”这一术语，鉴于早期的学术一般强调停滞和它所指的特定的、特别复杂的“类型”的复杂社会，在考古学中继续值得批判性地披露。尽管在理解早期国家发展方面取得了这些进展，但关于具体的半自治到自治领土如何以及为什么被更高形式的权力机构合并和组织整合，以解决集体问题，仍然知之甚少。其中一种鲜为人知的政体是欧洲中世纪时期定义的复合型国家。综合国家在地方上是集中的，但在区域上是非集中的，由多个相互补充的领域组成，每个领域都有自己的领导人，在为单一政治制度服务方面有重叠的、往往是不同的作用。这是一种分裂的政治结构，异质地混合和非中央集权，但正如术语所暗示的那样，它形成了一个由集体领导共识统治的单一复合单位。这种差异化但一体化的政治组织被认为是16世纪中叶为抵抗西班牙人入侵智利中南部而形成的阿劳卡尼亚政体或“埃斯塔多”(国家)在概念上最容易识别的类比。爱沙尼亚的意图是将四个不同的毗连域“组合”成一个区域结构，以代表一个非中央集权的政府，每个政府在地方一级都有专门的作用和内部集中的领导。实施复合模式将个人或组合视为西班牙帝国统一的反殖民阵线。这项由国家科学基金会资助的研究试图实现更有针对性的考古和历史比较了解(1)在南安第斯山脉的早期殖民时期，类似于复合体的阿劳卡尼亚原始国家的形成和区别作用，以及(2)形成这种形成和分化的考古记录的社会文化和历史条件。重点是在阿劳科战争(1552-1894)早期(公元1550-1650年)，四个领域之一的图卡佩尔的Pai Cavi的关键地区的考古，当时这个领域的具体作用是为第二个领域提供食物，第二个领域的主要作用是保卫边境，抵御西班牙人的攻击。该项目的具体目的是从考古角度检验派卡维的政治组织和角色以及由此推断的丘陵、住宅、公共、生存和行政空间的结构和意义。该项目为智利阿劳卡尼亚人从较低层次的复杂社会向原始或接近国家的政体过渡提供了一个重要的案例研究。研究区的地点提供了一个无与伦比的序列，以评估西班牙裔晚期和殖民地早期向集约化耕作的过渡，以及当地农业技术是如何新创造或扩大到包括与湿地管理技术相关的高地农业的。该项目还将完善南美洲这一鲜为人知的地区大规模农业生产和土丘建造的年表，并在差异化政体的更广泛背景下，将不同的土丘形式与不同的社会功能和意义联系起来。它还有助于理解一个最成功的土著群体之一，他们抵制殖民欧洲对美洲的干预。该项目将加强国际合作，并为当地土著社区、Proncipal Investigator在美国和智利的机构以及国际学生提供多样化的经济和培训机会。它由一个合作小组组成，该小组将整合考古学、历史人类学和生态学，并为国内政府和非政府机构，主要是当地的马普切社区创造研究合作和机会。这些发现还对该地区人-自然耦合系统的长期变化、保护、可持续发展、生物多样性和生态完整性等当代问题产生了影响。