IDR/Collaborative Research: Activities in Thermal Spray Processing and Volcanology

这项跨学科研究（IDR）合作奖的研究目标是探索火山学和热喷涂材料加工之间的跨学科相似之处，特别是熔融材料在极端温度和压力下的行为。 火山岩浆经受高温（700-1200°C）和接近1000个大气压的压力。 热喷涂涉及以100-200 m/s将熔融（1000-2000°C）金属或陶瓷微粒撞击到基底上，其中在撞击“飞溅”下的瞬时压力可达到10000个大气压。 这种合作关系源于最近在冰冻碎片底面发现的高度纳米多孔结构，其假设机制是由于快速减压而产生的气泡成核;这是已知的火山喷发期间发生在岩浆中。 因此，现有的地质模型和受控的热喷涂处理将被用来更好地理解这种现象的广泛的材料和环境变量。 所采取的方法将是（1）利用火山建模技术和实验参数空间来探索热喷涂在有用规模上生产“地质启发”纳米多孔薄膜和涂层的能力，以及（2）使用热喷涂处理，特别是飞溅形成，来开发微尺度实验，其中可以系统地测量火山材料的高温特性。如果成功，这项研究的好处将包括强大的设计工具，以制造有用的纳米多孔表面和结构的广泛的材料使用热喷涂，一个数十亿美元的产业与重要的基础设施。 这也将为热喷涂引入新的技术“拉力”，推动进一步的基础研究和创新。 此外，它将创建一个可靠的工具来解决岩浆行为中高度争议的话题，这对理解和预测喷发很重要。 对于推广，该计划将利用这两个领域的高度可见和动态的性质，以促进复杂的科学概念传播给本科生，代表性不足的大学预科学生和老年人。

The research objective of this Interdisciplinary Research (IDR) collaborative award is to explore interdisciplinary parallels between volcanology and thermal spray materials processing, notably the behavior of molten materials at extreme temperatures and pressures. Volcanic magma is subjected to high (700-1200°C) temperatures and pressures approaching 1000 atmospheres. Thermal spray involves impinging molten (1000-2000°C) metallic or ceramic micro-particles at 100-200 m/s onto substrates, where instantaneous pressures can reach 10000 atmospheres underneath the impacting "splat". The collaborative link stems from a recent discovery of highly nanoporous structures on the underside of frozen splats, the hypothesized mechanism of which is bubble nucleation due to rapid depressurization; this is known to occur in magma during volcanic eruption. Accordingly, existing geologic models and controlled thermal spray processing will be used to better understand this phenomenon for a wide range of materials and environmental variables. The approach taken will be to (1) utilize volcanologic modeling techniques and experimental parameter space to explore the capability of thermal spray to produce "geo-inspired" nanoporous thin films and coatings on a useful scale and (2) use thermal spray processing, specifically splat formation, to develop microscale experiments in which the high-temperature properties of volcanic materials may be measured systematically.If successful, the benefits of this research will include robust design tools to fabricate useful nanoporous surfaces and structures of a wide range of materials using thermal spray, a multi-billion dollar industry with significant infrastructure. This would also introduce a new technological "pull" for thermal spray driving further fundamental studies and innovation. In addition, it would create a reliable tool to address highly debated topics in magma behavior, important for understanding and prediction of eruptions. For outreach, the program will take advantage of the highly visible and dynamic nature of both fields, to facilitate dissemination of complex scientific concepts to undergraduates, under-represented pre-collegiate students, and senior citizens.