COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Genomic consequences of recent and ancient allopolyploidy: a continuum of ages in Tragopogon (Asteraceae)

关于基因组加倍(多倍体)后基因进化命运的大部分已知是基于几种几千年的作物和只有几代人的合成多倍体。这个项目将调查一个非常令人惊讶的发现，即同源基因在多倍化后迅速丢失，而不是沉默或其他监管变化。他们想知道，关于哪些基因或更大的基因组片段优先丢失，是否有一般规则。这一点很重要，因为之前的发现来自合成多倍体和最近的自然多倍体(100年)。向日葵属植物Tragopogon(山羊胡，向日葵家族)提供了一个独特的机会来研究自然界中不同年龄段的多倍体发生的变化。Tragopogon含有二倍体、只有60-80年历史的天然多倍体、合成多倍体和更古老的欧亚多倍体。这项研究将调查一个更古老的(80万-280万年前)天然多倍体与最近形成的多倍体的比较；它还延伸到向日葵家族历史早期的一个古老的多倍体事件(30mya)。基因组加倍(多倍体)创造了生命的多样性。所有脊椎动物和开花植物都经历了至少一次古代多倍体，许多作物都是多倍体。因此，阐明多倍体的后果将加深我们对生命多样性的理解，并提供关于作物基因组的基础知识。这些结果将为研究产生大量生命和大多数作物的过程提供重要的见解。此外，该项目将培训本科生和研究生，以及一名博士后学者，并包括面向普通公众的外联活动。

Much of what is known about the evolutionary fate of genes following genome doubling (polyploidy) is based on several crops that are thousands of years old and synthetic polyploids that are only several generations old. This project will investigate the very surprising finding that homeologous genes are lost rapidly after polyploidization, rather than being silenced or other regulatory changes. They want to know if there are general rules about which genes or larger pieces of genomes are preferentially lost. This is important because previous findings were from synthetic polyploids and recent natural polyploids (100 years). The plant genus Tragopogon (goatsbeard, in the sunflower family) provides a unique opportunity to investigate changes that occur following polyploidy in nature across a range of ages. Tragopogon contains diploids, natural polyploids that are only 60-80 years old, synthetic polyploids, and older Eurasian polyploids. This study will investigate an older (0.8 -2.8 million years ago, mya) natural polyploid for comparison with the recently formed polyploids; it also extends to an ancient polyploidy event (30 mya) early in the history of the sunflower family. Genome doubling (polyploidy) has generated much of the diversity of life. All vertebrates and flowering plants experienced at least one episode of ancient polyploidy, and many crops are polyploids. Hence, elucidating the consequences of polyploidy will enhance our understanding of the diversification of life and provide fundamental knowledge about crop genomes. Results will provide important insights into the processes that generated much of life and most crops. In addition, the project will train undergraduate and graduate students, and a post-doctoral scholar, as well as including outreach activities to the general public.