Collaborative Research: Forcing and the North Atlantic Spring Bloom

合作研究：强迫和北大西洋春季水华

• 批准号: 1155205
• 负责人: Raffaele Ferrari
• 金额: $ 69.05万
• 依托单位: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-03-15 至 2017-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1155205&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Forcing; North; Atlantic

The goal of this proposal is to determine whether easily observed physical processes control phytoplankton bloom initiation in the North Atlantic. The hypothesis is that blooms are triggered by a reduction in mixing in late winter/early spring when heat loss and winds weaken. For a simple phytoplankton-nutrient system with a wide range of biological parameters, blooms develop in realistic models of convective turbulence in the upper ocean when the surface cooling changes into heating in spring. This work hypothesizes that the change in turbulence is readily predicted from observable properties and is strong enough to spark a bloom in any biological model that admits them. Unlike previous explanations which are very sensitive to details of the biological interactions which are both poorly understood and difficult to quantify, this atmospheric forcing hypothesis is testable with remote and in-situ data which can constrain physical parameters much better than biological ones. This project will extend our existing criterion for bloom initiation to account for wind forcing, evaporation and precipitation. The range of biological models and parameters for which the criterion works well will be assessed. The theory will be tested using numerical simulations, new glider data (to be collected), an established UK time-series station, and available satellite data. The proposed project is a timely, unique and cost-effective opportunity to address one of the longest-running and most intensively studied problems in oceanography.The spring bloom, an annual population explosion that dominates the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton abundance in much of the global ocean, exemplifies the interplay between ocean biology and physics. The continuing lively debate on the processes controlling bloom initiation is driven largely by the paucity of testable hypothesis and suitable in-situ data. After 60 years of research into this topic by the biological oceanography community, theory and technology has now advanced sufficiently to the point where we can resolve fundamental outstanding questions on the interactions between physical processes and bloom timing. By coupling modern turbulence and biological models, driving them by observed atmospheric forcings, and comparing results with observations, we will determine the degree to which aspects of the bloom can be predicted simply by knowing the forcing and gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon.Phytoplankton blooms in the North Atlantic are important for driving ocean carbon uptake and supporting ecosystems, including the fisheries of the North Americas and Europe. Hence this proposal targets topics of relevance for society both in the short term (fisheries) and long term (climate change). The proposal has a strong educational component through the training of a graduate student and a postdoc in interdisciplinary research on topics of growing importance for our understanding of the climate system. The international collaboration with UK colleagues to collect relevant data is another important aspect.

这项提议的目的是确定是否容易观察到的物理过程控制浮游植物在北大西洋的爆发。假设是，在冬末/早春，当热量损失和风力减弱时，混合减少会引发水华。对于一个具有广泛生物参数的简单的浮游植物-营养物系统来说，当春季海面降温转变为升温时，在海洋上层对流湍流的现实模型中会出现水华。这项工作假设，湍流的变化很容易从可观察到的特性中预测出来，并且足以在任何允许它们的生物模型中引发爆发。与以往的解释不同，这些解释对生物相互作用的细节非常敏感，而生物相互作用的细节既难以理解又难以量化，这种大气强迫假设可以用远程和原位数据进行测试，这些数据可以比生物数据更好地约束物理参数。这个项目将扩展我们现有的水华开始的标准，以考虑风的强迫、蒸发和降水。将评估该标准适用的生物模型和参数的范围。该理论将使用数值模拟、新的滑翔机数据（有待收集）、一个已建立的英国时间序列站和可用的卫星数据进行测试。拟议的项目是一个及时、独特和具有成本效益的机会，可以解决海洋学中持续时间最长、研究最深入的问题之一。在全球大部分海洋中，每年一次的数量大爆发主导着浮游植物丰度的季节性循环，它体现了海洋生物学和物理学之间的相互作用。关于控制水华起始过程的持续激烈辩论主要是由于缺乏可测试的假设和合适的原位数据。经过生物海洋学界对这一主题60年的研究，理论和技术现在已经足够先进，我们可以解决物理过程与水华时间之间相互作用的基本悬而未决的问题。通过将现代湍流和生物模型结合起来，通过观测到的大气强迫驱动它们，并将结果与观测结果进行比较，我们将确定仅仅通过了解强迫就可以预测水华各方面的程度，并对这一现象有更深入的了解。北大西洋的浮游植物大量繁殖对于推动海洋碳吸收和支持生态系统（包括北美和欧洲的渔业）至关重要。因此，该提案针对的是与社会相关的短期（渔业）和长期（气候变化）主题。该计划通过培养一名研究生和一名从事跨学科研究的博士后，具有很强的教育成分，这些研究课题对我们对气候系统的理解越来越重要。与英国同事进行国际合作以收集相关数据是另一个重要方面。