Hierarchical Control of Cognitive Processes
认知过程的分层控制
基本信息
- 批准号:1257272
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 49.39万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2013
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2013-07-01 至 2017-06-30
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Many studies have shown that novice performers in demanding tasks (e.g., driving, carpentry, typing) are conscious of each step, attending to the details one by one. On the other hand, skilled performers are only conscious of high-level goals, leaving the details to lower-level processes (hierarchical control). These studies leave an important question unanswered: How does this hierarchical control emerge with practice? How do experts develop lower-level control processes that take care of the details? The proposed research focuses on skilled typewriting, where associative learning causes all the keystrokes in a word to be activated in the motor system at the same time, so the motor system must decide when to make each keystroke. Novice typists activate one keystroke at a time, using higher-level processes to control serial order. As typists acquire skill, words are associated with each of their constituent keystrokes, so the presentation of a word activates all of its keystrokes at once, forcing the motor system to control serial order. This creates a lower-level control process that produces keystrokes, which is distinct from the higher-level control process that produces words to be typed, resulting in hierarchical control. The proposed research will test this proposition in four projects in which the investigators will present typists with novel types of keyboards and tasks, and examine learning over many sessions. They will measure the emergence of hierarchical control in terms of parallel activation and the conscious awareness of the details of the task. The project will have an important impact on basic and applied research. Typing has now become a ubiquitous activity in modern life, and understanding the science behind the skill will have a broad impact on education as our workforce ramps up for the 21st century. The proposed research may also provide new criteria for evaluating successful training in other areas requiring expertise, going beyond simple tests of speed and accuracy to more sophisticated tests for the emergence of hierarchical control. More generally, the projects will promote new connections between research on cognitive control and research on motor control, since both are required in typewriting.
许多研究表明,新手在要求高的任务(例如,司机、木工、打字)都对每一个步骤都很清楚,一个接一个地注意细节。另一方面,熟练的执行者只意识到高层次的目标,把细节留给低层次的过程(层级控制)。这些研究留下了一个重要的问题没有回答:这种等级控制是如何在实践中出现的?专家们如何开发更低层次的控制流程来处理细节?拟议的研究重点是熟练的打字,其中联想学习导致一个单词中的所有单词在运动系统中同时被激活,因此运动系统必须决定何时做出每个单词。新手打字员一次激活一个序列,使用更高级别的过程来控制序列顺序。当打字员掌握技能时,单词与每个组成单词的键相关联,因此呈现一个单词会立即激活所有的键,迫使运动系统控制序列顺序。这就创建了一个产生单词的较低级别的控制过程,这与产生要键入的单词的较高级别的控制过程不同,从而导致分层控制。拟议中的研究将在四个项目中测试这一命题,在这些项目中,研究人员将向打字员提供新颖类型的键盘和任务,并在许多会议上检查学习情况。他们将根据平行激活和对任务细节的有意识来衡量等级控制的出现。 该项目将对基础研究和应用研究产生重要影响。打字现已成为现代生活中无处不在的活动,随着21世纪劳动力的增加,了解这项技能背后的科学将对教育产生广泛影响。拟议中的研究还可能为评估其他需要专门知识的领域的成功培训提供新的标准,超越简单的速度和准确性测试,以更复杂的测试出现分层控制。更广泛地说,这些项目将促进认知控制研究和运动控制研究之间的新联系,因为打字都需要这两种研究。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Gordon Logan其他文献
Gordon Logan的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Gordon Logan', 18)}}的其他基金
Episodic memory retrieval as attention turned inward
当注意力转向内部时情景记忆检索
- 批准号:
2147017 - 财政年份:2022
- 资助金额:
$ 49.39万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Hierarchical control of cognitive processes
认知过程的分层控制
- 批准号:
0957074 - 财政年份:2010
- 资助金额:
$ 49.39万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
CRCNS: Stochastic Models of Executive Control in Monkeys and Humans
CRCNS:猴子和人类执行控制的随机模型
- 批准号:
0218507 - 财政年份:2003
- 资助金额:
$ 49.39万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
Acquisition and Transfer of Automatic Skills
自动技能的获取和转移
- 批准号:
9410406 - 财政年份:1994
- 资助金额:
$ 49.39万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
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