The Spatial Mobility of Communities' Organizational Resources

亚利桑那州约瑟夫·加拉斯凯维奇大学大多数研究不平等的学者都专注于家庭收入和财富。这显然很重要。但家庭的生活机会也受到他们住在哪里以及他们能够获得他们需要的东西的程度的影响。邻里关系很重要。研究记录了生活在种族隔离社区、集中贫困地区和犯罪猖獗地区的居民如何处于极端不利的地位。过去的研究表明，造成这些情况的原因是这些社区中没有能够为家庭提供基本服务的组织资源，例如超市、俱乐部、教堂、银行、餐馆和药店。这项研究的目的是了解机构为何选址，以及社会因素(例如种族/民族、社会阶层、犯罪)、市场力量(例如竞争、房价、消费者需求)或政治因素(例如规划)是否更重要。此外，由于研究期间包括大衰退，因此可以看到极端条件如何影响社区的组织资源存量。研究假设，居民的幸福感是他们空间资本的函数。也就是说，他们是否有能力在本地访问所需的组织资源？准入不仅取决于家庭的财政和文化资本，还取决于他们与组织资源的接近程度、在交通网格中的位置、对空间技术的控制以及使他们能够获得他们所寻求的设施的社会特征。然而，这项研究认识到有必要更好地了解这些组织及其在整个大都市的行动。这项研究试图回答两个研究问题。首先，是什么原因导致企业将业务定位在大都市社区的什么地方？是什么导致了出生和成长？是什么导致死亡和衰落？研究的重点是政府的规划和分区倡议、生态进程，例如组织和形式之间的竞争，以及社区背景，特别是犯罪。第二，我们可以从一个大都市地区学到什么关于社区韧性的东西？S经历了金融危机？该项目将收集数据，这是对凤凰城-梅萨-斯科茨代尔都市化地区数万家机构及其位置的十年研究的补充。这项研究具有更广泛的意义，因为家庭参与不同类型的活动对孩子的教育、情感和社会发展非常重要，但并不是所有的孩子都有平等的机会获得高质量的计划、活动和机会。供需之间存在空间错配。通过将这项研究的重点放在市场的供给侧，研究者希望能更好地理解非营利组织、营利性组织和政府行为。研究结果可能会使决策者了解如何激励服务提供者在服务不足的地区找到/停留，或使家庭能够倡导和提供这些服务。这项研究进一步推动了美国国家科学基金会S支持基础研究并利用这些知识改善人类状况的使命。尽管大多数人认识到极端不平等不是一种可取的状态，但我们不知道该如何应对。虽然可能不可能公平地重新分配财富，但应该有办法使组织资源在空间上更容易获得，以便所有居民都有机会过上健康、幸福和繁荣的生活。这项研究有助于为解决这些问题提供必要的基本知识。这项研究还对几个研究领域做出了贡献，并有望促进社会学、城市规划、地理学、城市经济学、交通研究和空间科学(GIS)的进一步研究。

SES-1560544Joseph Galaskiewicz University of ArizonaMost scholars who study inequality focus on household income and wealth. This is obviously important. But families' life chances are also affected by where they live and how well they are able to access what they need. Neighborhoods matter. Research has documented how living in racially segregated communities, areas of concentrated poverty, and areas which are crime ridden place residents at an extreme disadvantage. Past research shows the reason for these conditions is there are not organizational resources in these communities that can provide families basic services, e.g., supermarkets, clubs, churches, banks, restaurants,and pharmacies. The purpose of this research is to understand why establishments locate where they do and if social factors (e.g., race/ethnicity, social class, crime), market forces (e.g., competition, housing prices, consumer demand), or political factors (e.g., planning) matter more. Also, because the study period includes the Great Recession, it is possible to see how extreme conditions impacted neighborhoods' stocks of organizational resources.The research posits that residents' well-being is a function of their spatial capital. That is, do they have the ability to access locally the organizational resources they need? Access is a function not only of families' financial and cultural capital, but also their proximity to organizational resources, location in the transportation grid, control over spatial technologies, and social traits that allow them to gain access to facilities they seeks. However, this study recognizes the need for a better understanding of the organizations and their movement across the metroscape. The research seeks to answer two research questions. First, what causes establishments to locate where they do in the metropolitan community? What leads to births and growth? What leads to deaths and decline? The study focuses on planning and zoning initiatives by government, ecological processes, e.g., competition among organizations and forms, and community context particularly crime. Second, what can we learn about neighborhood resilience from one metropolitan area?s experience with financial meltdown? This project will collect data which complements ten years of research on tens of thousands of establishments and their location in the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale urbanized area. The study has broader significance, because families' access to different types of activities is important for children's educational, emotional, and social development, yet not all children have equal access to high quality programs, activities, and opportunities. There is a spatial mismatch between supply and demand. By focusing this research on the supply side of the market, the investigator hopes to gain a better understanding of nonprofit, for-profit, and government behaviors. Research outcomes could potentially inform policy makers on how to motivate providers to locate/stay in under-served areas or to empower families to advocate for and provide these services. The research furthers NSF?s mission of supporting basic research and using that knowledge to improve the human condition. While most recognize that extreme inequality is not a desirable state, we do not know what to do about it. While it may not be possible to redistribute wealth equitably, there should be ways of making organizational resources more spatially accessible so that all residents have a chance at a healthy, happy, and prosperous life. This research contributes to the basic knowledge necessary to address these issues. The research also contributes to several fields of inquiry and hopefully will stimulate further research in sociology, urban planning, geography, urban economics, transportation studies, and spatial science (GIS).