CPS:Small:Collaborative Research: Incentivizing Desirable User Behavior in a Class of CPS

在诸如大规模基础设施系统的信息物理系统（CPS）中，个体用户正从服务的被动消费者转变为主动参与者。这种转变有望带来社会、经济和环境效益。 例如，通过分布式可再生能源整合将消费者转变为“产消者”可以提高可持续性，将用户转变为有关交通和道路状况的数据来源可以帮助缓解拥堵。然而，决策者的爆炸也导致了关注点、目标和决策质量的异质性。参与者将根据自己的利益优化他们在数据收集，数据共享和驱动方面的决策。在互联系统中，这些决策将影响系统状态，从而影响其他参与者从系统中获得的效用。在极端情况下，少数决策者的行动也可能产生不希望的和意外的后果，如不稳定。 因此，有一个迫切需要了解和调节决策的各个参与者，使他们内化的影响，系统的性能和效用的其他参与者，他们的决定产生的，拟议的研究解决了这一领域的基本问题。 拟议的研究具有潜在的重大社会和经济影响。CPS系统（如基础设施系统）的总体趋势是允许用户成为积极的参与者。然而，这将挑战这种系统的传统算法和组织。由于大多数CPS系统提供基本服务的人口，设计，保证可靠的操作，尽管自私的参与者的战略行为是必要的。 该研究与教育计划相结合，包括研究和教育，课程设计，学生咨询和培训，以及outreach.现有的方法，如合作控制或竞争博弈论，其中参与者是价格接受者不足以考虑参与者的战略行为。受此观察的启发，该提议将通过以下方式推进CPS科学：（i）将此问题抽象为设计合同之一，通过该合同，可以调整可能预期其行为的影响并误报任何信息的战略用户的决策，以获得期望的系统性能，（ii）在受大规模CPS（如智能基础设施系统）启发的几个假设下，为该模型提供新的机制，及（iii）通过应用于CPS案例研究来证明该框架的有效性。所提出的方法将优化和系统理论与经济学和机制设计以及来自特定基础设施系统的模型和约束耦合在一起。

In Cyberphysical Systems (CPS) such as large scale infrastructure systems, individual users are shifting from being passive consumers of services to active participants. This shift promises societal, economic, and environmental benefits. For example, turning consumers into "prosumers" through distributed renewable energy integration can improve sustainability, and turning users into sources of data about traffic and road conditions can help alleviate congestion. However, an explosion of decision makers also leads to heterogeneity in concerns, aims, and quality of decision making. Participants will optimize their decisions on data collection, data sharing, and actuation based on their own self-interest. In an interconnected system, these decisions will affect the system state, and hence, the utilities other participants derive from the system. In extreme cases, undesirable and unintended consequences such as instability can also ensue from actions of a few decision makers. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand and modulate decision making by various participants so that they internalize the impact on system performance and utilities of the other participants that their decisions produce; the proposed research solves basic problems in this domain. The proposed research has potentially substantial social and economic impact. The general trend in CPS systems, such as infrastructure systems, is to allow users to become active participants. However, this will challenge the traditional algorithms and organization for such systems. Since most CPS systems provide basic services to the population, designs that guarantee reliable operation in spite of strategic behavior of self-interested participants are needed. The research is coupled with an education plan that includes integration of research and education, curriculum design, student advising and training, as well as outreach.Existing approaches such as cooperative control or competitive game theory in which participants are price takers are insufficient to consider strategic behavior by participants. Motivated by this observation, this proposal will advance the science of CPS by (i) abstracting this problem into one of designing contracts by which the decisions of strategic users, who may anticipate the effect of their actions and misreport any information, can be aligned to obtain desired system performance, (ii) presenting new mechanisms for this model under several assumptions inspired by large scale CPS such as smart infrastructure systems, and (iii) demonstrating the efficacy of this framework by applying it to several CPS case studies. The proposed approach couples optimization and systems theory with economics and mechanism design as well as models and constraints from specific infrastructure systems.