Female Employment Patterns, Fertility, Labor Market Reforms, and Firms: A Dynamic Treatment Approach

在老龄化社会、低生育率、技术引起的劳动力市场变化、全球化、性别角色变化、女性就业模式以及劳动力市场与家庭工作的结合等问题，都是研究和政策辩论中的主要问题。女性的就业经历有着相当不同的模式，在其生命周期的不同阶段有着不同的就业状况。就业决定往往与为人父母、分担家务和抚养子女以及家庭收入和配偶的职业有关。为人父母和养育子女影响到母亲和父亲的短期和长期动态就业和收入途径。从公司的角度来看，员工因孩子出生而离职，无论是临时的还是永久的，都会改变招聘决定，并可能影响同事的收入和职业生涯。家庭政策和劳动力市场法规的改革可能会影响工人的职业决定以及公司的雇用和晋升政策。在第一个供资期间，该项目侧重于女性就业模式的动态、不同群体生育率和劳动力供应的变化（特别侧重于非全日制工作的增加）、生育对职业的影响以及家庭政策的几项改革的影响。它利用了广泛的现有行政数据集和调查数据集。在第二个资助期内，我们希望转向公司和夫妇的观点，并使用创新的管理数据研究三个新的研究问题。首先，我们将提供证据，说明由于孩子出生而导致的离职对公司招聘决策和同事职业生涯的影响，迄今为止几乎没有任何证据。其次，我们将有助于稀缺的文献调查的影响，父母的动态夫妇收入差距。第三，我们将通过关注配偶的短期和长期职业道路来评估丈夫的工作转移对配偶职业生涯的影响。

At a time of an aging society, low fertility, technology induced changes in the labor market, globalization, and changing gender roles, female employment patterns and the combination of labor market and family work are of major interest both in research and in the policy debate. Female employment biographies involve quite heterogeneous patterns with different employment states at various points of their life-cycle. Employment decisions are often related to parenthood and the division of household chores and child-rearing as well as to family income and a spouse's career. Entering parenthood and engaging in child-rearing affect the mother's and father's short-term and long-term dynamic employment and earnings paths. From a firm's perspective an employee's exit due to the birth of a child, be it temporary or permanent, alters hiring decisions and may affect the earnings and the careers of coworkers. Reforms of family policies and labor market regulations are likely to influence the career decisions of the workers and hiring and promotion policies of the firms. During the first funding period, this project focuses on the dynamics of female employment patterns, changes in fertility and labor supply across different cohorts (with a particular focus on the rise of part-time work), the career consequences of child birth, and the effects of several reforms of family policies. It exploits a wide range of available administrative data sets and survey data sets. During the second funding period, we want to move on to the perspectives of the firm and of the couple and work on three new research questions using innovative administrative data. First, we will provide evidence on the effects of an exit due to the birth of a child on hiring decisions of the firm and on the careers of coworkers on which there is hardly any evidence so far. Second, we will contribute to the scarce literature investigating the effect of parenthood on the dynamics of the within couple earnings gap. Third, we will estimate the effect of job displacement of her husband on a spouse's career by focusing on her short-term and long-term career path.