Bisenzio. Multi-disciplinary research on a major Etruscan centre from the Late Bronze Age to the Archaic Period.

拟议的研究项目是一个令人兴奋的机会，可以大幅提高我们对伊特鲁里亚早期城市化主要中心之一的了解。伊特鲁里亚比森西奥位于蒙特比森索，这是博尔塞纳湖(意大利拉齐奥)西岸的一座火山。尽管缺乏系统的现代研究，但丰富的发现(特别是奥尔莫·贝洛墓地出土的非凡墓葬家具)，加上大规模的定居点，确保比森西奥今天被视为伊特鲁里亚南部主要的维拉诺万和早期伊特鲁里亚中心之一。该定居点的面积显然与奥维埃托(Volsinii)相似，并与伊特鲁里亚南部伟大的原始城市中心(Vulci、Tarquia、Cervei、Veio和Orvieto)一起发挥了重要和独立的作用。比森齐奥兴盛了大约五千年(约公元前1000-500年)，显然是唯一一个主要的伊特鲁里亚中心，它是从青铜时代最后一个聚落中心发展而来的。比森西奥的研究现状很差。只有一小部分严重的背景被公布。对该聚落的研究仅限于1978/79年在比森索山山顶进行的一次小挖掘，以及德国考古学家克劳斯·拉达兹和于尔根·德里豪斯在1972至1982年间开展的野外行走活动。比森西奥的初步研究状况令人沮丧，因为该遗址的巨大潜力是为数不多的几个主要的早期伊特鲁里亚中心之一，基本上没有受到后来的建筑活动的破坏。几乎整个聚落和墓地都适合进行考古田野工作，其特点是耕地和孤立的农舍。在该项目中，将首次记录、分析和公布现有证据：最重要的墓地(Olmo Bello)和唯一有系统的定居点挖掘(蒙特比森索)。在Raddatz和Driehaus早期工作的基础上，我们将对定居点和部分墓地进行系统的、最先进的调查，以获得关于住宅区和墓地区域的空间组织的信息。除了密集的野外行走外，还将进行大规模的地球物理勘探。2013年，探地雷达在两个地点进行了测试，分别位于该地点的住宅区和葬礼区，取得了惊人的成功。调查工作获得的所有证据都将进行地理参照，并存储在一个已经建成的地理信息系统(GeoExplorer)中。利用比森西奥的巨大潜力，这项历时研究将追溯它从一个防御性的小山顶聚落到一个巨大的原始城市中心的转变。该项目的不同部分--比森索山顶定居点、奥尔莫·贝洛墓地、野外行走和地球物理勘探--是相互关联的，对于实现这一目标是绝对必要的。

The proposed research project is an exciting opportunity to advance substantially our knowledge of one of the major centres of early Etruscan urbanisation. Etruscan Bisenzio is centred on Monte Bisenzo, a volcanic hill on the western bank of Lake Bolsena (Lazio, Italy). Despite the paucity of systematic modern research the wealth of finds (especially the extraordinary grave furnishings from the Olmo Bello cemetery), together with the large size of the settlement, ensure that Bisenzio is today regarded as one of the major Villanovan and early Etruscan centres of southern Etruria. The settlement is apparently similar in size to Orvieto (Volsinii), and played an important and independent role alongside the great proto-urban centres of southern Etruria (Vulci, Tarquinia, Cerveteri, Veio and Orvieto). Bisenzio flourished for about half a millennium (ca. 1000-500 BC) and is apparently the only major Etruscan centre which developed from a settlement nucleus of the Final Bronze Age. The present state of research at Bisenzio is poor. Only a small minority of grave contexts has been published. Study of the settlement is restricted to a small excavation on the summit of Monte Bisenzo in 1978/79, and campaigns of fieldwalking conducted by the German archaeologists Klaus Raddatz and Jürgen Driehaus between 1972 and 1982. The rudimentary state of research at Bisenzio is frustrating considering the great potential of the site, being one of the few major early Etruscan centres largely undamaged by later building activity. Almost the whole area of the settlement and cemeteries is suitable for archaeological fieldwork, being characterised by arable farmland with isolated farmhouses. In the project, existing evidence will be documented, analysed and published for the first time: the most important cemetery (Olmo Bello), and the only systematic settlement excavation (Monte Bisenzo). Building on the earlier work by Raddatz and Driehaus, we will undertake systematic, state-of-the-art survey of the settlement and part of the cemetery in order to gain information on the spatial organization of the residential and cemetery areas. Alongside intensive fieldwalking, large-scale geophysical prospection will be carried out. In 2013, Ground Penetrating Radar was tested at two locations, in the residential and funerary parts of the site, with spectacularly successful results. All the evidence obtained by the survey work will be geo-referenced and stored in a Geographical Information System, which has already been constructed (GeoExplorer). Taking advantage of the great potential of Bisenzio, the diachronic study will trace its transformation from a small defensive hilltop settlement to a vast proto-urban centre. The different elements of the Project, the hilltop settlement on Monte Bisenzo, the Olmo Bello cemetery, fieldwalking and geophysical prospection, are interlinked and absolutely necessary to achieve this goal.