Three Travelogues of Women from the Late Qajar Period: historical context - narrative strategies - female authorship

这里介绍的项目旨在分析第一次三个旅行帐户写的伊朗妇女在Qajar时期（1796年至1925年）谁前往麦加和执行他们的朝觐之间的1880年和1900年：1。Mehrmah Hanum Esmat as-Saltaneh [“Safarnameh-ye Mekkeh”（1882）]，2. Haggiye Hanum Alaviyyeh Kermani [“Ruznameh-ye safar-e hagg”（1892/93）]，3. Sakineh苏丹Vaqar ad-Douleh [“Ruznameh-ye safar-e atabat va Mekkeh”（1899/1900）]他们都属于卡扎尔上层阶级。Mehrmah Hanum Esmat as-Saltaneh是他的表亲，Sakineh苏丹Vaqar ad-Douleh是卡扎尔统治者Naser ad-Din Sah（1848- 1896年在位）的妻子之一，而第三位作者属于克尔曼当地的精英。这些女性朝圣者通过不同的路线到达共同的目的地麦加，但她们都觉得有必要写下自己的经历，并通过这种方式将自己的知识传授给未来的旅行者（很可能是女性）。他们的意图是让读者相信他们自己的观察和他们声称存在的问题的真实性，以便获得对他们经验的主体间性（至少是潜在的）的认可和同意。文本中所应用的叙事策略的多样性旨在可视化他们的经历，指出了困难，这与试图将旅行，经历和记忆的总和以及旅行时所做的笔记整合到一个连贯的文本中有关。除了对这些文本进行历史批判性分析外，本研究将重点关注三个主要方面：（1）这些文本的语境化，（2）确定和分析所应用的叙事策略，这些策略涉及妇女对其他和未知情况的经验以及她们自己的感知和情感等问题，最后（3）这一时期的女性作家。

The here presented project aims at analyzing for the first time three travel accounts written by Iranian women in the Qajar periode (1796-1925) who travelled to Mecca and performed their Hajj between 1880 and 1900: 1. Mehrmah Hanum Esmat as-Saltaneh ["Safarnameh-ye Mekkeh" (1882)], 2. Haggiye Hanum Alaviyyeh Kermani ["Ruznameh-ye safar-e hagg" (1892/93)], 3. Sakineh Sultan Vaqar ad-Douleh ["Ruznameh-ye safar-e atabat va Mekkeh" (1899/1900)] They all belonged to the Qajar upper classes. Mehrmah Hanum Esmat as-Saltaneh was a cousin, and Sakineh Sultan Vaqar ad-Douleh one of the wives of the Qajar ruler Naser ad-Din Sah (reg. 1848-96), whereas the third author belonged to the local elite of Kerman. These female pilgrims reached their common destination Mecca through different routes, but they all felt the need to write about their experiences and by this means to transfer their knowledge to future (most probably female) travelers. It was their intention to convince their readership of the trueness of their own observations and the issues which they claimed to exist, in order to get approval and consent about the - at least potential - intersubjectivity of their experiences. The diversity of the applied narrative strategies in the texts aiming at the visualization of their experiences, points at the difficulty, that is linked to the attempt to bring the sum of travel, experience and remembrance as well as the notes taken while on travel together into a coherent text. Besides a historical-critical analysis of these texts, three main aspects will be in the focus of this study: (1) the contextualization of these texts, (2) the identification and analysis of the applied narrative strategies regarding questions about the women's experiences with the other and unknown situations as well as about their own perceptions and emotions and finally (3) the aspect of female authorship at the period in question.