Deciphering the molecular bases of chromosome drive using the B chromosome of rye as a model

B染色体，也被称为额外染色体，是许多植物、动物和真菌基因组中的一个重要组成部分。许多B染色体已经进化出一种或多种驱动机制，以比孟德尔遗传学预测的更高的频率传递自身，并且这些机制抵消了非必需遗传元件随时间丢失的趋势。在解开B染色体驱动的细胞过程并鉴定第一个黑麦B驱动控制候选基因之后，我的目标是通过（I）鉴定在不同驱动阳性黑麦B变体中高度保守的候选基因来缩小驱动候选基因的数量。(II)B驱动候选基因将通过其在携带标准黑麦Bs的小麦中的瞬时失活来进行功能分析。(III)B驱动候选基因NCR 28（一种微管相关Futsch样蛋白）的详细评价将在A中进行。thaliana和N.本萨米亚纳(IV)将采用体外试验确定B和A编码的NCR 28变体之间的微管蛋白结合差异，以检验B编码的NCR 28（共）过表达调节B染色体分离动力学（驱动）的假设。

B chromosomes, also known as supernumerary chromosomes, are dispensable elements in the genome of many plants, animals, and fungi. Many B chromosomes have evolved one or more drive mechanisms to transmit themselves at a higher frequency than predicted by Mendelian genetics and these mechanisms counteract the tendency of non-essential genetic elements to be lost over time. After unravelling the cellular process of B chromosome drive and identifying the first rye B drive controlling candidate genes, I aim to narrow down the number of drive candidate genes by (I) identifying candidate genes that are highly conserved across diverse drive-positive rye B variants. (II) B drive candidate genes will be functionally analyzed by their transient inactivation in wheat carrying standard rye Bs. (III) A detailed evaluation of the B drive candidate gene NCR28, a microtubule-associated Futsch-like protein, will be done in A. thaliana and N. benthamiana. (IV) An in vitro test will be applied to determine tubulin-binding differences between the B- and A-encoded NCR28 variants to test the hypothesis that overexpression of the B-encoded NCR28 (co)modulates the segregation dynamics (drive) of the B chromosome.