Experimental studies on self-control and risky choice

自我控制与风险选择的实验研究

• 批准号: 06610080
• 负责人: ITO Masato
• 金额: $ 0.96万
• 依托单位: OSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1994 至 1995
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-06610080/
• 关键词: Choice; Self-control; Risk; Generalized matching law; Functional equivalence; Humans; Rats; Pigeons; 対応法則

The present study investigated humans'and animals'choices in self-control and risky choice situations, in which reinforcer amounts and reinforcer delays or reinforcement probability were varied separately or together, to see whether a functional equivalence of reinforcer delay and probability can hold in a choice situation.The present results with human subjects showed that in a self-control choice situation, humans were more sensitive to reinforcer amount than to delay, and their choices were, in a qualitative sense, described by the overall density of reinforcement rather than the local density of reinforcement as represented by the generalized matching law. Further, the results with rats as subjects showed that in a risky choice situation, rats preferred a variable food over a constant food when the energy budget condition (defined by their body weights) was negative, whereas they preferred the constant food over the variable food when it was positive ; that is, they showed "risk aversion" or "risk proneness" depending on their body weights. In another risky choice situation, it was found that rats were indifferent between certain, more delayd and uncertain, less delayd reinforcers. This finding clearly indicate that a functional equivalence of reinforcer delay and probability can hold in the present choice situation. Pigeons'choices were examined in situations where reinforcer amount and probability were varied separately or together. As a result, their choices were, in a qualitative sense, consisitent with predictions from the generalized matching law.Taken together, it seems that probability can be transformed to delay intervals, thereby a risky choice situation may be reduced to the situation where reinforcer amount and delay are varied as in a self-control choice situation.

本研究调查了人类和动物在自我控制和危险选择情况下的选择，其中强化物数量和强化物延迟或强化概率单独或一起变化，以了解强化物延迟和概率的功能等价是否可以在选择情况下成立。目前对人类受试者的结果表明，在自我控制选择情况下，人类对强化物数量比对延迟更敏感，并且他们的选择 从定性的意义上来说，它们是由整体强化密度而不是广义匹配法则所代表的局部强化密度来描述的。此外，以大鼠为受试者的结果表明，在风险选择情况下，当能量预算条件（由体重定义）为负时，大鼠更喜欢可变食物而不是恒定食物，而当能量预算条件为正时，它们更喜欢恒定食物而不是可变食物；也就是说，他们根据体重表现出“风险厌恶”或“风险倾向”。在另一种风险选择的情况下，我们发现老鼠对某些、较延迟的强化物和不确定、较延迟的强化物漠不关心。这一发现清楚地表明，强化物延迟和概率的功能等价性可以在当前的选择情况下成立。在强化剂数量和概率单独或一起变化的情况下检查鸽子的选择。因此，他们的选择在定性意义上与广义匹配律的预测是一致的。 综上所述，概率似乎可以转化为延迟区间，从而将风险选择情境简化为强化物数量和延迟变化的情况，如自我控制选择情境。