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Experimental studies of self-control and social dilemma in terms of discounting of a reward

奖励折扣方面的自我控制和社会困境的实验研究

基本信息

批准号：
12610088
负责人：
ITO Masato
金额：
$ 2.3万
依托单位：
Osaka City University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2002
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The present study, using humans and nonhuman animals as subjects, deals with issues of self-control and social dilemma in terms of discounting of monetary or non-monetary (food) rewards. For the issue of self-control with humans, we used a new definition of self-control and arranged a procedure in which continuing to choose a smaller reward can maximize the total amount of a reward. To examine the correlation between the number of self-control choices and the rate of temporal discounting, participants were given two types of games in which they chose between "Saving" and "Wallet" options in each trial. In Game 1, a choice of the "Saving" option led to a pair of the poor options (660 yen vs. 500 yen) in the next trial, whereas a choice of the "Wallet" option led to a pair of the rich options (1,200 yen vs. 900 yen) in the next trial. In Game 2, immediate amounts of money subjectively equivalent to the delayed 1,500 yen were estimated under four delay conditions for each participant. As … More a result, some participants developed the choice of "Wallet" option (self-control group), but others didn't (non-self-control group) in Game 1. The number of choices of the "Wallet" option in Game 1 was negatively correlated with the discounting rate eastimated in Game 2 for the self-control group. These findings indicate that the discounting rate is a valid measure for the degree of self-control based on the new definition. For the issue of social dilemma with humans, discounting of a shared reward was examined in a Chicken game-like situation in which participants were given choices between a hypothetical 1,500 yen with sharing ("Saving") and an unshared money of variable amount ("Wallet") for successice 10 trials under each of five conditions of number of other people ranging from 1 to 24. The amount of unshared money was increased or decreased depending on choices in the previous trial. The amount of unshared money after 10th trial was defined as the subjectively equivalent amount money to the shared 1,500 yen. In addition, if a participant and other people chose the "Wallet" option, then they couldn't obtain any money (a "0" yen condition) or they had pay 1,500 yen (a "-1,500" yen condition). As a result, the discounting rate was lower in the "-1,500" yen condition than in Ihe "0" yen condition. The result revealed that the discounting rate was influenced by the loss of money arranged in the pay-off matrix of the game. Taken these results together, it is concluded that the discounting rate obatained in the present procedures may explain the degree of self-control and cooperation in social dilemma. Less

本研究以人类和非人类动物为受试者，探讨了在货币或非货币（食物）奖励贴现方面的自我控制和社会困境问题。对于人类的自我控制问题，我们使用了自我控制的新定义，并安排了一个程序，在该程序中继续选择较小的奖励可以最大化奖励的总量。为了检查自我控制选择数量与时间折扣率之间的相关性，参与者被给予两种类型的游戏，他们在每次试验中在“储蓄”和“钱包”选项之间进行选择。在游戏1中，选择“储蓄”选项会在下一次试验中导致一对较差的选项（660日元对500日元），而选择“钱包”选项会导致在下一次试验中出现一对丰富的选项（1,200日元对900日元）。在游戏2中，在四种延迟条件下为每个参与者估计了主观上相当于延迟的1,500日元的即时金额。结果，一些参与者在游戏1中选择了“钱包”选项（自我控制组），但其他参与者没有选择“钱包”选项（非自我控制组）。游戏1中“钱包”选项的选择数量与游戏2中自我控制组估计的贴现率呈负相关。这些发现表明，根据新定义，贴现率是衡量自我控制程度的有效指标。对于人类的社会困境问题，在类似吃鸡游戏的情况下对共享奖励的折扣进行了研究，其中参与者在假设的1,500日元共享（“储蓄”）和可变金额的非共享货币（“钱包”）之间进行选择，在其他人数从1到24的五种条件下连续进行10次试验。未共享货币的数量根据先前试验中的选择而增加或减少。第10次尝试后的未共享金额被定义为主观上相当于共享1,500日元的金额。此外，如果参与者和其他人选择“钱包”选项，那么他们无法获得任何钱（“0”日元条件）或者他们必须支付1,500日元（“-1,500”日元条件）。结果，“-1,500”日元条件下的折扣率低于“0”日元条件下的折扣率。结果表明，贴现率受到游戏支付矩阵中安排的金钱损失的影响。综合这些结果，得出的结论是，当前程序中获得的贴现率可以解释社会困境中的自我控制和合作程度。较少的