Experimental studies of self-control and social dilemma in terms of discounting of a reward

奖励折扣方面的自我控制和社会困境的实验研究

基本信息

批准号：
12610088
负责人：
ITO Masato
金额：
$ 2.3万
依托单位：
Osaka City University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2002
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The present study, using humans and nonhuman animals as subjects, deals with issues of self-control and social dilemma in terms of discounting of monetary or non-monetary (food) rewards. For the issue of self-control with humans, we used a new definition of self-control and arranged a procedure in which continuing to choose a smaller reward can maximize the total amount of a reward. To examine the correlation between the number of self-control choices and the rate of temporal discounting, participants were given two types of games in which they chose between "Saving" and "Wallet" options in each trial. In Game 1, a choice of the "Saving" option led to a pair of the poor options (660 yen vs. 500 yen) in the next trial, whereas a choice of the "Wallet" option led to a pair of the rich options (1,200 yen vs. 900 yen) in the next trial. In Game 2, immediate amounts of money subjectively equivalent to the delayed 1,500 yen were estimated under four delay conditions for each participant. As … More a result, some participants developed the choice of "Wallet" option (self-control group), but others didn't (non-self-control group) in Game 1. The number of choices of the "Wallet" option in Game 1 was negatively correlated with the discounting rate eastimated in Game 2 for the self-control group. These findings indicate that the discounting rate is a valid measure for the degree of self-control based on the new definition. For the issue of social dilemma with humans, discounting of a shared reward was examined in a Chicken game-like situation in which participants were given choices between a hypothetical 1,500 yen with sharing ("Saving") and an unshared money of variable amount ("Wallet") for successice 10 trials under each of five conditions of number of other people ranging from 1 to 24. The amount of unshared money was increased or decreased depending on choices in the previous trial. The amount of unshared money after 10th trial was defined as the subjectively equivalent amount money to the shared 1,500 yen. In addition, if a participant and other people chose the "Wallet" option, then they couldn't obtain any money (a "0" yen condition) or they had pay 1,500 yen (a "-1,500" yen condition). As a result, the discounting rate was lower in the "-1,500" yen condition than in Ihe "0" yen condition. The result revealed that the discounting rate was influenced by the loss of money arranged in the pay-off matrix of the game. Taken these results together, it is concluded that the discounting rate obatained in the present procedures may explain the degree of self-control and cooperation in social dilemma. Less

本研究以人类和非人类动物为受试者，就货币或非货币（食品）奖励的折现而言，涉及自我控制和社会困境的问题。对于与人类自我控制的问题，我们使用了一个自我控制的新定义，并安排了一个程序，在该程序中，继续选择较小的奖励可以最大程度地提高奖励总量。为了检查自我控制选择的数量与临时折扣的速度之间的相关性，参与者在每个试验中都可以在“保存”和“钱包”选项之间选择两种类型的游戏。在第1场比赛中，在下一个试验中，选择“保存”选项的选择导致了一对糟糕的选项（660日元和500日元），而“钱包”选项的选择导致了下一对丰富的选择（1,200日元（1,200 Yen vs. 900 Yen））在下一项试验中。在第2场比赛中，在四个延迟条件下估计了与延迟1,500日元的主观金额相当于延迟的1,500日元的金额。作为……更重要的是，一些参与者开发了“钱包”选项（自我控制组）的选择，而其他参与者则在第1场比赛中没有（非自由控制组）。游戏1中“钱包”选项的选择数量与自我控制组的游戏2中的折现率负相关。这些发现表明，根据新定义，折现率是自我控制程度的有效度量。对于人类与人类的社交困境问题，在类似鸡肉游戏的情况下检查了共同的奖励的折扣，在这种情况下，参与者在假设的1,500日元之间进行了选择，共享（“保存”）（“保存”）和可变金额（“钱包”）的未共享金钱（“钱包”）在每一个中的五个范围内的五个条件下，依靠1至24的范围都在努力。第10次试验后的未共享钱的金额定义为相当于共享的1,500日元的主体等效金额。此外，如果参与者和其他人选择“钱包”选项，那么他们可以获得任何钱（“ 0”日元），或者他们支付了1,500日元（a“ -1,500”日元）。结果，在“ -1,500”日元状态下的折现率低于iHe” 0”日元条件。结果表明，折现率受游戏回报矩阵中安排的资金损失的影响。共同完成这些结果，得出的结论是，本程序中获得的折现率可以解释社会困境中自我控制与合作的程度。较少的