Genetic assay and study of crop germplasm in and around China (3rd)

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We organized a total of 22 expedition teams to China and the southward countries, and studied the evolution and diversity of important crops. The detail is summarized below.1.Wheat & Barley ; Field trip was conducted in the northern part of India (2003), and in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces of China (2004,2005), to observe the diversity in wheat and barley landraces in and around Himalayan range. Local landraces are still cultivated in most of the remote areas visited. In the southwestern part of China, different type of barley and wheat was cultivated depending on the altitude. In the areas above 3000m of altitude, spring barley and wheat were collected, and they seemed to relate with those cultivated in Tibet. On the contrary, in the areas below 3000m of altitude, barley and wheat are sown in autumn, and seemed to be different from those cultivated in Tibet.2.Rice ; Rice group has visited India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam to observe landraces, weedy strains, and wild rices a … More round China. We could compare resources to know their relationships and genetic variation. Based on the data, we have contacted with respective institutes governed each resources in each country to discuss about the future plans for those genetic resources.3.Soybean ; In order to determine an evolutionary relationship and dynamics of gene flow between wild and cultivated soybeans, flowering phenology and genetic structure were examined for populations in which both wild and cultivated soybeans were growing side by side. Neither the intermediate form, thought as a product of hybridization, nor the allele from the cultivar was observed in the wild population tested. However, a low but significant level of outcrossing was observed between wild plants. The field observation and molecular analysis with SSR markers suggest that the gene flow possibly occurs between wild and cultivated soybeans.4.Field trip was conducted in Myanmar (2003), the northeastern part of India (2004,2005), and in Yunnan Province of China (2005), to observe the diversity in Cucurbitaceae crop. Local landraces of melon with smooth skin are still cultivated in most of the remote areas visited. In the northeast India, three types of melon, that is, var.acidulous, var.momordica, and other type, are cultivated during rainy season. The last type was considered to relate with vars.makuwa and conomon, the traditional Japanese melon, based on the fruit morphology and seed length (< 9mm). This type was commonly found in Myanmar and Yunnan. Weedy melon (var.agrestis) was also collected in Myanmar. Less