Work Analysis for White Collar Based on Job-Relevant Knowledge and Work Processes

本项目的目标是开发白领及其辅助工具的工作分析方法。在这项研究中，所提出的方法和工具被应用于一些实际的工作，如产品设计、研发、设施设计和生产控制。我们对这些工作进行了工作分析，目的是为了重新设计工作，以提高他们的生产率。本项目在过去三年中取得了以下成果：(1)提出了一种分析白领工作的方法，特别侧重于与工作有关的知识和工作流动。在这种方法中，与工作相关的知识根据工作要求被分为六类，这些要求与特定工作的内容和背景有关。从如何使用知识块的角度，对员工拥有的知识的有效性进行了五分制的评分。建议的方法还包括对知识依赖的分析，即What c…更多的条件是知识取决于知识的适用性，即知识何时/过去/将适用于某人的工作。(2)运用(1)中提到的工作分析方法，对设施设计和生产控制两种不同的工作进行了深入的案例研究。在这些案例研究中，建议的方法使我们能够发现这些工作的工作流程和员工的知识。知识有效性与设计年度处理量、具有领导力的项目数等生产率测量指标之间也存在显著的相关关系。(3)利用通用电子表格软件Excel开发了一个支持上述方法的工作分析工具原型。(4)将上述工具应用于多个工作岗位，以检验其在工作分析中的有效性，并为其进一步改进提供了几点意见。(5)通过问卷调查，得出了违反白领生产率的因素。调查问卷发放给了在日本一家大型制造公司工作的所有白领员工。通过对工作效率和工作质量问题的回答数据进行主成分分析来获得因素。(6)作为(1)方法的补充，我们提出了工作分析的EMR(眼动记录)方法。该方法被应用于子弹头列车的驾驶任务和观看电视广告时的认知行为分析。作为这些应用的结果，我们确定了例如，设计师的意图和观众的实际观看模式之间的认知过程的差异。使用EMR方法还揭示了CM设计参数对观看者观看模式的影响。在子弹头列车应用中，我们评估了一种新的列车交叉口界面设计，并提出了该方法对实际设计实践的几点启示。(7)作为本项目的总结，我们根据本研究的结果提出了白领职业工作设计和再设计的指导方针。特别是，我们提出了一种以用户为中心的工作设计新范式，并通过案例研究对这种方法进行了检验。较少

The objectives of the present project is to develop methodologies on work analysis of white collar and its supporting tool. In this study, the proposed methodology as well as the tool were applied to several real jobs such as product design, R ＆ D, facility design and production control. We performed work analyses of these jobs for the purpose of job re-design to improve their productivity. The following outcomes were obtained by the present project for the last three years :(1)A methodology for analysing white collar work was proposed specifically focused on job-relevant knowledge and job-flow. In this methodology, job-relevant knowledge is classified into six categories in terms of job requirements that are connecting to content and context of a particular work. Effectiveness of knowledge that an employee possesses is rated in five point scale from the aspect of how to work with the knowledge piece. The proposed methodology also includes analyses of knowledge dependency, i.e., what c … More ondition the knowledge depends on, and of knowledge applicability, i.e., when the knowledge is/was/will be applicable to one's job. Employing this methodology, knowledge sets relevant to a variety of jobs were identified.(2)In-depth case studies were performed for two different jobs, i.e., facility design and production control, applying the work analysis methodology mentioned in (1). In these case studies, the proposed methodology allows us to uncover work processes and employees' knowledge for these jobs. A clear correlation was also found between knowledge effectiveness and some productivity measurements such as amount of annual treatment of design and the number of projects having leadership.(3)A prototype of work analysis tool which supports the proposed methodology mentioned in (1) was developed using a general-purpose spreadsheet software, Excel.(4)The above-mentioned tool was applied to several jobs to examine its usefulness in work analysis and to acquire several points for its further improvement.(5)A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to elicit factors of violating white collar productivity. The questionnaire was distributed to all the white collar employees working within a big manufacturing firm in Japan. The factors were acquired by the principal component analysis applying responded data both on the efficiency and the job-quality questions.(6)As a complementary approach of the methodology mentioned in (1), we presented an EMR (eye-movement recording) approach to work analysis. This approach was applied to analysis of driving task of the bullet train and of cognitive behavior during watching TV commercials (CM's). As results of these applications, we identified e.g., differences in cognitive processes between the designer's intention and the viewer's actual watching patterns. Effects of CM design parameters on the viewer's watching patterns were also uncovered employing the EMR approach. In the bullet train application, we evaluated a new interface design of train coclkpit and presented several implications of this approach to its actual design practices.(7)As summary of the present project, we presented guidelines of job design and redesign of white collar professions based on the results obtained in this study. In particular, we proposed a user-centred approach as a new paradigm for job design, and examined this approach by a case study. Less