Formation and Development of "Civil Engineerin"

本文分析了土木工程的历史沿革，分析了欧洲特别是英格兰和苏格兰工程学新领域的形成过程。约翰·斯米顿提出了一个新的概念--“民用工程师”。他的想法被继承，形成了“土木工程师学会”和“土木工程学会”。在这个过程中，John Smeaton接受了北欧罗巴在这一领域的科学和实验成果，也接受了技术进步和工匠的知识，特别是木匠和造船工人，以及仪器制造商。Smeatons的成就分为4个领域，(1)与仪器制造商有关，(2)工厂，(3)‘Stea Engine’，(4)土木工程。分析这一发展过程的两个方面是非常重要的。“内部过程”和“外部过程”。后者也可以被描述为“社会存在结构”。通过对这两个方面的分析，可以正确地讨论约翰·斯麦顿及其成就的科学和历史地位，从而理解作为新技术科学和新社会的“象征”的“土木工程”的含义，以及它的过渡特征。

In this reseach project the biginning of the history of the civil engineering, the process of the formation of new area of engineering in Europe, specially in England and Scotland are analized. John Smeaton has offerd an new idea "civil engeneer". His idea was succeeded to the formation of " Society of Civil Engineers", and "Institution of Civil Engineering". In this process John Smeaton has accepted the scientific and experimental fruit in this field from the North Europa, and also technological Progress and knowledge in craftmen, especially millwrihts and shipwrihts, and also instrumentsmakers. Smeatons achievments are classificated in 4 fields, (1) in relating to instrumentsmaker, (2) mills, (3) 'stea engine', and (4) civil engineering. It is very important to analyse two sides of this developping process,. The 'internal process' and 'external process'. The latter can be also characterised as the 'social existance structure'. With analysing these two sides the scientific and historical role and state of John Smeaton and his achievements can be rightly discussed, and and so we understand the meaning of 'civil engineering' as the 'symbol' of the new technological science and also new society, and then also its transitional characters.