Studies in the relations between primary and secondary schooling and educational activities and facilities beyond schools in the United Kingdom

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Youths in the UK are facing social and economic difficulties, and their mental and physical conditions are worsening. In order to improve their conditions the goverment emphasizes the role of education. and put policies of (1) raising educational standards, (2) spreading life-long learning, (3) emphasizing education for citizenship, (4) and promoting equality of opportunity into operation. Youth services have played Important roles in the personal and social development (PSD) of youths together with formal schooling, and can help to realize those policies.Education for PSD (PSE) is not included as a subject in the National Curriculum, and PSD is not always fulls given in schools. Youth services are expected to fill gaps in PSD.Although the National curriculum for primary and secondary schools has a lot of resembling features to that for youth services, schooling and youth services should share their respective responsibilities.The relation between local education authorities and youth services have much difficulties because of worsening of local financing. Funding from non-governmental resources tend to increase.Among youth services the numbers of services which are giving to disadvantaged and/or disaffected youths specialist supports like counselling are increasing. It becomes more and more important for youth services to support efforts of schools' solving problems facing youths including such areas as drug education, environmental education.