A Historical Study of the Relation between Russian Emigre Intellectuals and the Soviet Society

本研究旨在考察1917年十月革命后移居国外的俄国知识分子政治态度的转变。本文还分析了流亡知识分子对苏维埃政权的生态认知所产生的影响及其历史意义。本研究的主要对象是所谓的“smenovekhovstvo”-改变地标运动，在俄罗斯移民中产生了一定的影响。在考察这场运动时，主要分析了1920年流亡国外的低级教授乌斯特里亚洛夫的政治思想，因为他是这场异端运动的主要人物。乌斯特里亚洛夫认为，俄国革命将通过“热月之路”“发展”，这样就可以使革命免于过度。因此，乌斯特里亚洛夫呼吁流亡者为了俄罗斯民族的利益与苏联政府和解并支持它。对于苏联政府来说，“改变地标”运动的出现表明流亡者反对布尔什维克的统一战线已经破裂。此外，具有现实眼光的苏联领导人看到，可以利用这一运动为国家重建获得熟练的技术、管理和文化知识分子。从这个意义上说，这场运动对所谓的“资产阶级专家”来说是一种意识形态，使他们有理由与苏维埃政府合作。

This study aimed to examine the conversion in political attitude of the Russian intellectuals who had emigrated after the October revolution in 1917. And this study also analyzed the influence and the historical significance of the ecognition of the Soviet government by the emigre intellectuals. The main object of this study is so-called 'smenovekhovstvo' - the Changing Landmarks movement that had a certain impact among Russian emigrants. In considering this movement, the political thoughts of N.V. Ustrialov, a low professor who exiled in 1920, are mainly analyzed, because he was the major figure in this heresy.Ustrialov thought that the Russian revolution would 'evolve' through 'the way of Thermidor', and in doing so the revolution would be saved from its own excesses. Thus Ustrialov called to the emigres to reconcile with the Soviet government and support it for the sake of the Russian nation.For the Soviet government the appearance of the Changing Landmarks movement was an indication that the united front of emigre opposition to the Bolsheviks had broken down. In addition, the Soviet leaders who had a realistic perspective saw that this movement could be used in order to get skilled technical, managerial and cultural intellectuals for national reconstruction. In this sense this movement functioned for so-called 'bourgeois specialists' as an ideology which justified their collaboration with the Soviet government.