Anthropological Study on Rstructuring Ethnic Identities in African Tropical Rain Forest Zone

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1. Through survey on hunter-gatherers in Centaral African countries, these points as below were showed.(1) Baka in Cameroon and Bongo in Gabon, who have been sedentrized in earlier times and switched to cash crop cultivation and placer mining, distinguish themselves from neighboring farmers, depending on knowledge on animals and pleats in forest and ritual practice based on forest spirit religion.(2) Baka and Bong strengthen the bond among adult men and maintain nearly equal relationship with farmers, avoiding conflict with them.(3) Meanwhile, commercial logging and commercial trade have penetrated into the forest zone of Northeastern Congo Republic and many farmers flowed out to small cities. Aka there are more often requisiton for farming labor than before and they stay more frequently in famers villages seeking chances to get chash. In these stituations,, conflicts between Aka aned farmers, who would like to maintain higher social status thanAka, gradulattely has been increasing.(4) In Democratic Republic of Conago and Uganda, as armed conflict around land tenure has become severe, hunter-gatherers such as Mbuti or Twa has become internal refugees or victims of massacres.2. From invsetigation on languages among groups based on different subsistence, the possiblity has been found that both may have the same linguistic identity.3. Survey on commercial economy and rural farmer societies made clear that cash crop cultivation facilitate farmers to get other means for cash income.