Study of Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Virus-induced Diarrhea

(1)We通过基因工程方法成功制备了14个诺如病毒样颗粒和1个沙波病毒样颗粒。在此基础上，我们在国际上首次建立了诺如病毒的免疫层析检测方法。我们还开发了针对该病毒的EIA。（2）建立了检测A、B、C组轮状病毒和腺病毒（A组）、诺如病毒GI、GII、星状病毒和沙波病毒（B组）、甲型肝炎病毒和戊型肝炎病毒、肠道病毒和甲型流感病毒（C组）的RT-多重PCR方法。这些检测到的病毒通过基因测序分析进一步表征。此外，还对贝类食物和河水、海水进行了真实的PCR检测。结果表明，该方法灵敏度高，特异性强，是一种理想的检测方法。这将是食品安全的一个指标。（3）从分子流行病学上看，近20年来轮状病毒的流行高峰在每年的12月或1月，而现在轮状病毒的流行高峰在每年的3月或4月。诺如病毒感染的高峰期出现在11月或12月，即冬季。（4）轮状病毒G1型的流行率从20世纪90年代的80-90%下降到2000年代的10-30%。其他类型，如G2、3、4和9，约占20- 30%。用单克隆抗体和轮状病毒株序列分析，在轮状病毒的血清型中出现了亚型。值得注意的是，舞鹤地区突然出现了C组轮状病毒的爆发。在诺如病毒和沙波病毒中发现了新的基因型和耐药株。经鉴定，登革热病毒的传播途径主要有人传人、空气传播和食物传播。(5)In在脑病和脑炎的脑脊液中，经常发现轮状病毒的基因组，但该病毒引起脑病和脑炎的机制尚不清楚。SiRNA和光催化剂（TiO_2）被认为对轮状病毒感染有效。

(1)We succeeded to make 14 norovirus-like particles and a sapovirus-like particle by a genetic engineering method. Then, we developed firstly in the world an immunochromatographic method for detection of norovirus. We also developed EIA for this virus. (2)RT-multiplex PCRs to detect group A, B and C rotaviruses and adenovirus (set A), norovirus GI,GII, astrovirus and sapovirus (set B), hepatitis A and E viruses, enteroviruses and influenza A virus (set C) were designed and used to screen these viruses. These viruses detected were further characterized by genetic sequencing analyses. Moreover, food (shell fish) and water from river or sea were examined by real time PCR. It is found that this method is excellent with high sensitivity and specificity. It will be an indicator for food safety. (3)From the molecular epidemiology, the peak of prevalence of rotavirus was December or January over the past 20 years, however there is nowadays a shift of rotavirus incidence in March or April. A peak of norovirus infection is found in November or December known as winter. (4)The most prevalent rotavirus serotype G1 has been decreasing from 80-90% in 1990s to 10-30% in 2000s. Other serotyes such as G2,3,4 and 9 accounted for around 20-30%. By using monoclonal antibodies and sequence of rotavirus strains, subserotypes in intraserotype appeared. Note of worth was an outbreak of group C rotavirus suddenly appeared in Maizuru area. New genotypes and reassortant strains were recognized in norovirus and sapovirus. Human to human transmission, air-borne transmission and food-borne transmission were recognized in diarrheal viruses. (5)In the CSF of encephalopathy and encephalitis, rotavirus genome was often found. However, we could not clarify the mechanism of encephalopathy and encephalitis caused by this virus. SiRNA and photocatalyst (TiO_2) were recognized effective on rotavirus infection.