The study of infectious diseases in infants and children in Asia

亚洲儿童的诊断和分子流行病学研究进展主要是病毒性胃肠炎、病毒性肝炎和艾滋病毒感染。(1)作为诊断，我们新开发了检测诺如病毒的免疫层析法和LAMP。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测环境中微量诺如病毒RNA。此外，我们还建立了多重聚合酶链式反应，用于筛查泰国、中国、越南、孟加拉国、斯里兰卡和俄罗斯东部的粪便标本中的腹泻病毒以及血液样本中的艾滋病毒亚型。(2)作为分子流行病学，检测了轮状病毒、肠道腺病毒、星状病毒、沙普病毒和诺如病毒。亚洲国家的轮状病毒感染率高于日本。而日本的诺沃克病毒感染率高于亚洲国家。总体来看，从2000年开始，轮状病毒G1呈下降趋势，G9和G3呈上升趋势，2006年后又呈上升趋势。各基因型的血统呈逐年变化趋势。在人和猪中发现了重组轮状病毒。在猪中发现了新的P[27]基因型。41型肠道腺病毒仍为主要型别。将腺病毒40和41分型，发现新的亚型。诺如病毒GII/4是所有国家的主要病毒类型。每年都会出现新的重组诺沃克病毒，并成为主要的诺沃克病毒。在不同的年份和国家有时会发现不同的诺沃克病毒群，但总体上几乎相同的诺沃克病毒群同时出现在所有国家。星状病毒以1型为主，乙肝病毒以C亚型为主。对中国进口牡蛎进行了1年的胃肠炎病毒检测。大部分发现诺沃克病毒，但在牡蛎中也发现少量轮状病毒。其中以GII/4和GII/3诺如病毒为主。

Development of diagnosis and molecular epidemiological study have done in Asian children mainly with viral gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis and HIV infection. (1) As diagnosis, we newly developed immunochromatography and LAMP for norovirus detection. Real time PCR was used for low amount of norovirus RNA for environment. In addition, we developed multiplex PCR for screening of diarrheal viruses in stool specimens from Thailand, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Eastern Russia and for HIV subtypes in blood samples. (2) As molecular epidemiology, rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus and norovirus were examined. Rate of rotavirus infection is higher in Asian countries than in Japan. While, rate of norovirus infection is higher in Japan than in Asian countries. Generally, G1 rotavirus decreased and G9 as well as G3 sequentially increased from 2000, however, G1 rotavirus increased again after 2006. Lineage in each genotype changed year by year. Reassortant rotaviruses were found in human and porcine. New P[27] genotype was discovered in porcine. Genotype 41 enteric adenovirus has still been main type. Genotypes 40 and 41 of adenovirus were divided into subtypes and new subtype was found. Norovirus GII/4 was major type in all countries. New recombinant norovirus appeared and then it became the major type every year. Different norovirus clusters were found sometimes in year and country, however generally almost same cluster of norovirus appeared simultaneously in all countries. Genotype 1 and subtype C were major in astrovirus and hepatitis B viruses, respectively. Gastroenteritis viruses were examined in imported oyster from China for 1 year. Norovirus was found mostly but a small number of rotavirus was also found in oysters. Of these GII/4 and GII/3 noroviruses were predominant genotypes.