The study of infectious diseases in infants and children in Asia

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Development of diagnosis and molecular epidemiological study have done in Asian children mainly with viral gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis and HIV infection. (1) As diagnosis, we newly developed immunochromatography and LAMP for norovirus detection. Real time PCR was used for low amount of norovirus RNA for environment. In addition, we developed multiplex PCR for screening of diarrheal viruses in stool specimens from Thailand, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Eastern Russia and for HIV subtypes in blood samples. (2) As molecular epidemiology, rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus and norovirus were examined. Rate of rotavirus infection is higher in Asian countries than in Japan. While, rate of norovirus infection is higher in Japan than in Asian countries. Generally, G1 rotavirus decreased and G9 as well as G3 sequentially increased from 2000, however, G1 rotavirus increased again after 2006. Lineage in each genotype changed year by year. Reassortant rotaviruses were found in human and porcine. New P[27] genotype was discovered in porcine. Genotype 41 enteric adenovirus has still been main type. Genotypes 40 and 41 of adenovirus were divided into subtypes and new subtype was found. Norovirus GII/4 was major type in all countries. New recombinant norovirus appeared and then it became the major type every year. Different norovirus clusters were found sometimes in year and country, however generally almost same cluster of norovirus appeared simultaneously in all countries. Genotype 1 and subtype C were major in astrovirus and hepatitis B viruses, respectively. Gastroenteritis viruses were examined in imported oyster from China for 1 year. Norovirus was found mostly but a small number of rotavirus was also found in oysters. Of these GII/4 and GII/3 noroviruses were predominant genotypes.