University-Industry Linkage in Japan and US : National Innovation Systems Approach

本文以国家创新系统方法为分析框架，从多个角度考察了大学与产业的联系。首先，我们对东京大学(Complete)等日本大学的工程、医学和药学教授和副教授(样本)进行了调查，了解了他们的研究活动、与外部研究人员的合作，以及在大学周围环境发生重大变化的五年中他们发生了什么变化。我们发现，它们与中小企业的合作显著增加，通过专利和许可进行的正式技术转移增加，但传统的、非正式的技术转移没有减少，商业化成为选择项目时更重要的考虑因素。其次，我们对东京大学工程学教授和副教授1992-2001年的纸质出版物进行了文献计量分析。与公共研究机构和外国机构的研究人员共同撰写论文变得更加常见。第三，我们分析了日本大型电气制造商和制药公司的研究人员的纸质出版物、专利申请和专利申请的论文引文，调查了私营公司如何吸收和利用大学进行的科学研究。第四，我们对TiO2光催化剂的研发活动进行了网络分析，并对医疗药品和机械领域的研发进行了详细的案例研究，以提取最佳实践。第五，我们分析了专利制度是国家创新体系下不同行为者之间技术转移的重要途径的条件。特别是，详细分析了有关雇员发明的法律规定的影响。

We investigated university-industry linkage from various angles using the national innovation systems approach as our analytic framework.First, we conducted a survey of Engineering, Medical and Pharmaceutical professors and associate professors at University of Tokyo (complete) and other Japanese universities (sample) on their research activities, co-operation with outside researchers, and how they changed over the five years during which the environment around universities changed considerably. We found that their co-operation with SMEs increased significantly, that formal technological transfer through patenting and licensing increased but traditional, less formal technological transfer did not decrease, and that commercialisability became a more important concern when choosing a project.Second, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of paper publications by Engineering professors and associate professors at University of Tokyo during 1992-2001. Co-authorship with researchers at public research institutions and foreign institutions became more common. Co-authorship with company researchers increased in number but decreased in proportion.Third, we analysed paper publications, patent filings, and paper citations by patent filings by researchers at large electric manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies in Japan to investigate how private companies absorb and utilize scientific research conducted at universities.Fourth, we conducted a network analysis of R&D activities in Tio2 Photocatalysts and detailed case studies of R&D in medical drugs and machineries to extract best practices.Fifth, we analysed the conditions under which the patent system is an important path for technology transfer among different actors under the NIS. In particular, the effects of legal provisions concerning employee inventions were analysed in detail.