Occurrence and Control of Polar Persistent Pollutants (P3) in Urban Wastewater

药品和个人护理用品(PPCP)包括医疗药品和化妆品，在日常生活中被广泛使用，它们被认为是新出现的污染物，导致潜在的环境问题。大多数PPCP的生物降解性和极性较差，在一定程度上被称为“持久性极性污染物(P3)”，预计在常规废水处理过程中去除效果较差。本研究主要关注PPCP在污水处理中的启动和减少。在污水处理中，大多数生活污水都是收集的，因为它们被认为是水环境的主要门户站点。此外，本研究的重点是基于污水处理中与污水相关的PPCPs的EA：LULAID数据和它们的可生化性的批量实验的初步风险评估。SPE-LC/MS/MS方法污水和污泥中的PPCPs在早期阶段被用于几种选定的抗生素和大约50种PPCPs的FIN…的测定在这项研究中还有更多的阶段。从进水污水中检出大量的PPCPs，其含量在10 ng/L~10μg/L之间，高浓度的有咖啡因(10μg/L)、扑热息痛(8.4μg/L)、苯扎贝特(2.7μg/L)、茶碱(2.0μg/L)、克拉霉素(1.4μg/L)、舒必利(1.1μg/L)等。在常规生物处理过程中，PPCPs的去除效率在30%~100%之间，这表明PPCPs的去除效率在很大程度上取决于PPCPs的特性。许多PPCPs的生物处理后，二级出水中残留的PPCPs可通过臭氧氧化降低约80%，但异丙胺和酮洛芬的去除效果较差，仅为60%，导致臭氧氧化后的浓度达到100 ng/L或更高。在污水处理过程中，对基于藻类生长抑制试验的MEC/NOEC计算出的风险商进行了评估。各PPCP在进水中的风险商均大于1，经生物处理后降至1以下，经臭氧处理后降至0.1。当采用活性污泥间歇处理PPCP时，监测了水中PPCP的浓度。在普通活性污泥和处理过的失活污泥之间，其浓度的消除速率的差异可以假定为明显的生物降解性。水中PPCPs的减少似乎受到许多PPCPs生物降解性的影响，但对抗生素和杀菌剂的影响较小。实际污水处理过程中PPCPs的减少量与其表观可生化性呈正相关。较少

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) including medical drugs and cosmetics are commonly used in daily life, which are being recognized emerging pollutants causing potential environmental issues. Most of them are less biodegradable and polar to some extent called "Persistent Polar Pollutant(P3)" which am expected to be less effectively removed during conventional wastewater treatment.This study mainly focused on the commence and reduction of PPCPs in sewage treatment where most of domestic wastewater axe collected because they are deemed to be their major portal site to the water environment. In addition this study she focused on initial risk evaluation of PPCPs associated with wastewater in sewage treatment based on their ea: don-laity data and on their biodegradability by batch experiment using activated sludge.SPE-LC/MS/MS method far measurement of PPCPs in sewage and sludge were applied for a few selected antibiotics at the early stage and for around 50 PPCPs at the fin … More al stage in this study. From the results of influent sewage, many PPCPs were detected and wets found to range at the order of 10ng/L to 10μg/L. Caffeine (10μg/L), acetaminophen (8.4μg/L.), bezafibrate (2.7μg/L), theophylline (2.0μg/L), clarithromycin (1.4μg/L), sulpiride(1.1μg/L) etc. occurred at higher concentrations. Their removal efficiencies ranged 30-100% during conventional biological treatment, which indicated removal efficiencies greatly depend on characteristics of PPCPs. Around 80 % of reduction of PPCPs residing in secondary effluent could be expected by ozonation following biological treatment for many PPCPs, but disopiramide and ketoprofen were less effectively removed as low as 60% even by ozonation, which resulted in 100ng/L or more concentration after ozonation. Risk quotient that can be calculated from MEC/NOEC based on algal growth inhibition test was evaluated during wastewater treatment. The risk quotient of each PPCP exceeded one in influent sewage and decreased to less than 1 after biological treatment, and finally decreased to 0.1 after oznation. When batch treatment of PPCPs using activated sludge was conducted, PPCP concentrations in water were monitored. The difference in elimination rates of their concentrations between common activated sludge and that manipulated for inactivation can be assumed apparent biodegradability. Reduction of PPCPs in water seemed to be afflicted by biodegradability for many PPCPs, but less for antibiotics and germicides. Positive relationship between reduction of PPCPs in the actual sewage process and their apparent biodegradability was observed. Less