How do Japanese language learners choose between synonymous grammatical forms according to the situation?-A comparison with native speakers-

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The purpose of this research is to clarify the following two points:1) How do Japanese language learners choose between synonymous grammatical forms according to the situation?2) What is the difference between Japanese language learners and Japanese native speakers in choosing between synonymous grammatical forms according to the situation?In order to clarify these points, this research investigated "kara" and "node", used to express cause or reason, and "souda" and its synonymous expressions used to show hearsay.The three results suggested by the research can be stated as follows:1) There is a gap between the Japanese language learners' explicit knowledge and actual usage of synonymous expressions.2) Japanese language learners choose between expressions that differ from the expressions treated as synonymous in the fields of Japanese linguistics and education.3) Japanese native speakers choose according to the situation various synonymous forms that can not be summarized into a lemma.