里山バイオマスのエネルギー有効利用と残渣に含まれる栄養成分のリサイクル

保护和恢复对于维持半天然草原和湿地的广泛功能和服务至关重要，但在不牺牲生态价值的情况下很难找到合理且资源有效的管理方案（例如，Melts等，2018；Melts等，2019（待定））。半自然群落典型的粗放管理最近面临压力，建议集约化管理以维持生物量生产和经济效益。应用生态学和农业研究的一些短期实验表明，半自然草地的养分施用可以保持生产力，不会导致植物物种丰富度下降。这些实验清楚地表明，迫切需要进行长期实验和荟萃分析，以详细了解不同类型和地区的生态系统功能（Melts等，2018）。在有和没有树丛的物种丰富的湿地草甸（EST 和 UK）上进行的两项长期田间割草试验中，生物量产量分别增加并保持稳定，超过 50 年没有任何额外的养分供应（Melts 等人，2019 年（手稿））。生物多样性支持草原生态系统的恢复力并维持稳定的生物量产量。需要提高对技术的了解以及对不同转换方案的比较以及半自然群落的可持续管理，以促进当地的生物经济和可持续发展目标。

Conservation and restoration are crucial to maintaining a wide range of functions and services both in semi-natural grasslands and wetlands, but it is difficult to find a reasonable and resource-efficient management option without sacrificing ecological values (e.g., Melts et al., 2018; Melts et al., 2019 (pending)). Typical extensive management of seminatural communities has recently been under pressure, as intensification is suggested to maintain biomass production and economic profits.Some short-term experiments in applied ecology and agricultural research have demonstrated that nutrient applications in semi-natural grasslands can maintain productivity and will not result in decrease of plant species richness. Those experiments indicate clearly that there is an urgency for a long-term experiments and meta-analysis for detailed understanding of ecosystem functions in different types and areas (Melts et al., 2018). In two long-term field mowing trials on species-rich mesic meadows with and without tree stands (EST and UK), biomass production increased and remained stable without any additional nutrient supply over 50 years, respectively (Melts et al., 2019 (manuscript)). Biodiversity support the resilience of grassland ecosystems and maintenance a stable biomass yield.Improved knowledge about technologies and comparison of different conversion options and sustainable management of semi-natural communities are needed to promote local bio-economy and sustainable development goals.